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IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 



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m GREECE 
WITH THE CLASSICS 



By 

William Amory Gardner 

Master at Groton School 




Boston 

Little, Brown, and Company 

1908 



I APK 15 1908 I ^Ij"^ 

Copyright. 1908, 
By Little, Brown, and Company. 



-4/Z rights reserved 



Published April, 1908 



COLONIAL PRESS 

Electrotyped and Printed by C. H. Simonds & Co, 

Boston, U.S.A. 



PREFACE 

This book is the outcome of a month spent in 
Greece in the early spring of 1905. From my own 
experience, I am led to hope that other travellers 
will find their pleasure in visiting scenes of classic 
association increased by reading on the spot pas- 
sages from the ancient poets and story-tellers, 
which those scenes recall. 

The following pages contain a number of such 
passages, connected by a slender thread of narrative. 

Many of the passages are very famous, and have 
already been admirably translated. My only excuse 
for offering new translations of these is that, as the 
best translation in the world can only partly re- 
produce the feeling of an original poem, each new 
translation may possibly contain something which 
will contribute its mite towards the unattainable 
total 



CONTENTS 

CHAPTER PAGE 

I. Acropolis 1 

II. COLONUS AND THE ACADEMY ... 20 

III. Eleusis 35 

IV. Aegina 60 

V. Marathon 77 

VI. Corinth 89 

VII. Mycenae 107 

VIII. The Argolid and Nauplia . , .132 

IX. Delphi 141 

X. Parnassus to Thebes .... 165 

XI. Olympia 183 

XII. The Story of Nausicaa .... 203 

Appendix 223 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

" Ship of the Ph^acians," Corcyra . Frontispiece 
Gorge of the Castalian Spring, 

Delphi Vignette on Title 



NOTE ON THE TRANSLATIONS 

In most of the translations I aim to be as nearly- 
literal as possible. I usually reproduce hexameters 
by hexameters, and Iambic trimeters by blank verse. 
It seems quite impossible to reproduce in English the 
more difficult meters without wide departure from 
the original words. In such cases I make an attempt 
either by an occasional rhymed ending, or by a faint 
echo of the general rhythm, to preserve something 
of the ancient lyrical spirit. When this has seemed 
impossible, all that I have attempted is a division 
of the passages into verses of lengths varying some- 
what in harmony with those of the original. 

For the sake of variety, I have done a few passages 
into English rhymed verse. In these instances the 
translation is, of course, less literal. 

The spelling of proper names is not strictly con- 
sistent. Where a name has become thoroughly 
anglicized, I use the familiar spelling. 

The original text of the principal poetical pas- 
sages is printed in the Appendix. 



vu 



IN GREECE 
WITH THE CLASSICS 



CHAPTER I 

ACROPOLIS 

The historian, the archaeologist, and the architect 
have told the world so much about the Acropolis 
that a detailed account of the buildings would be 
superfluous in these pages. It is purposed rather 
to invoke the ancient writers of song and story to 
repeat to us the legends of the Holy Hill. 

The Acropolis rises high over the city and is 
seldom out of the sight or the thoughts of the 
traveller. One acquires the habit of visiting it 
nearly every day. As we mount the crowded streets 
and long stone stairways leading from the lower 
town on the north, we pause for a moment near the 
spot once occupied by the Prytaneum, or we search 
in vain for traces of the Temple of the Dioscuri 
which must have been somewhere near. We lift 
the eyes and high above us we see, built into the 
walls, the drums of the ancient Temple of Athene 

1 



2 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

which were utilized in the rebuilding of the Acropohs 
fortification after the Persian War. Lower down we 
catch sight of a small opening in the jagged rocks, 
and after a rough and difficult scramble, the opening 
enlarges and we find ourselves at the entrance of 
the grotto of Aglauros. 

Aglauros was one of the three daughters of Ce- 
crops, the ancient king of Athens. Her sisters were 
Herse and Pandrosos. To the care of the three 
princesses Athene committed the mysterious infant 
Erichthonius. The child was hidden in a chest which 
the goddess bade the sisters by no means to open. 
Pandrosos obeyed the injunction, but Aglauros 
could not be content. The chest was opened, and 
behold an infant with a serpent coiled about him. 
Smitten with terror or with the madness of remorse, 
the sisters leaped from the cliff and perished. At 
this very time Athene was busy at the work of 
fortifying her beloved citadel, and was carrying 
a small mountain through the air to buttress the 
northern wall. A crow brought her the news of 
the opening of the chest, and in her agitation and 
rage, she dropped the mountain which now domi- 
nates the town as Lycabettus. The crow, as bearer 
of ill-tidings, was forbidden thenceforth to light on 
the Acropolis. 

Another tale relates that Athene, to punish 
Aglauros for her curiosity, inspired her with jealousy 
of her sister Herse, who was loved by the god Hermes. 



ACROPOLIS 



In punishment Hermes turned her to stone. Yet 
another version of the story of Aglauros tells that 
she leaped from the cliff to save her country, when 
an oracle had demanded a victim as the price of 
victory in war. 

It was doubtless in connection with this nobler 
tradition that in after times, when the Youth of 
Athens reached the age of military service, they 
received in this cave the shield and spear, and 
in the name of Aglauros, took the oath of devo- 
tion to their country. Henceforth " They ^ swear 
to regard as the boundaries of Attica, 'The 
Wheat, the Barley, the Vine and the Olive; ' being 
taught to consider as their own all lands that are 
cultivated and fruitful." 

When Pisistratus wished to disarm the citizens, 
that his tyranny might be the more secure, he bade 
them all bring their weapons to the Anakeion.^ 
" They came, and his henchmen advancing took 
away the arms and deposited them in the sacred 
precinct of Aglauros." 

We enter the cave, and overhead, in the dim light, 
we can make out a staircase hewn in the rock. 
Wooden steps doubtless continued this to the floor 
of the cave in ancient times. It was the staircase 
of the maidens who, at the yearly festival, carried 
a mysterious chest down from the Erechtheum 

» Plutarch: Alcib., 15. 

* Temple of the Dioscuri a little below the grotto. 



4 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

through the cavern to the precinct of Eileithyia in 
the city below. To the westward of the grotto, 
another stairway chmbs the steep rocks — the 
Makrae/ as they were called, — and leads to the 
Pandroseum, the open platform lying to the west- 
ward of the Erechtheum and named for the good 
sister Pandrosos. It is a diJfficult climb. This is 
the way ^ by which Herodotus tells us ^ the Per- 
sians, after many fruitless efforts to capture the 
Acropolis, at last succeeded in effecting an entrance. 
They quickly massacred the remnant who stayed 
behind when the rest of the Athenians had fled to 
Salamis, and they burned and destroyed every- 
thing in the Citadel. Yet though they burned the 
sacred olive planted by Athene herself, lo, within 
two days, the immortal tree shot up higher than 
before. 

We follow a difficult path to the westward along 
a slightly lower level. In a few minutes we come 
to a second grotto — that of Pan — bestowed on the 
god in gratitude for his assistance at the battle of 
Marathon. Euripides, who is not sensitive about 
chronology, tells us how Pan was wont to sit in his 
cave and pipe for the maidens to dance in the 
Pandroseum overhead: 

* Long Rocks. 

' Or possibly the above mentioned staircase inside the 
grotto. 

' Herodotus, viii. 53 and 55. 



ACROPOLIS 



" Oh ^ thou haunt of the mighty Pan, 
Rock by the Long Cliff cavernous, 
Where with their feet the sisters three, 

Aglauros' ^ daughters fair. 
Oft tread their dances beside the fane 
Of Pallas, over the verdant lawn. 
In time to the varied sound of Hymn 

When thou art piping there; 

"Oh Pan, within thy cavern grot, 

Where once of old a maid, 
A mother too, ah hapless one! 

Her tender infant laid — 
Offspring of Phoebus — as a feast 

To winged creatures wild. 
And bloody banquet to the beast 

She left her helpless child. 

" Ah dreadful deed ! — the fruit 
Of union bitter — never have I learned 
In tapestry embroidered. 
Nor yet in story told. 
That happiness to mortal's lot 
Hath been vouchsafed through offspring god 
begot, 

Now or in days of old." 

^Eurip.: Ion, 492-508. 

' The mother of the maidens was also called Aglauros. 



6 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

The Western Grotto — that of Apollo — is less 
interesting in itself, though lately it has figured 
in Dr. Dorpfeld's able exposition of controverted 
topographical problems.^ According to PausaniaS; 
it was here and not in Pan's cave that Apollo begat 
Ion. The walls are covered with shallow niches for 
votive offerings similar to those in Aphrodite's 
sanctuary in the pass of Daphne. 

We climb a rough staircase only to find our up- 
ward way blocked by modern masonry. We stoop, 
however, and enter at the left a low chamber, used 
at one time as a Christian chapel — '' Of the 
Apostles " — and adorned with rude Christian 
paintings. In the centre is the mouth of the cistern 
called Clepsydra, which supplied the water-clock 
in the Tower of the Winds in the city below. When, 
during the war of Independence, the Turks were 
besieged in the Acropolis, they were in sore straits 
for want of water. After the citadel was won by 
the Greeks, Odysseus Andritsos built a wall enclosing 
the Clepsydra, and the supply was secure.^ The 
name " Water-Stealer " refers to the frequent 
fluctuations in the depth of the well. 

Traces of masonry below the shrine of Apollo 
mark the beginning of the Pelasgicon. This was an 
ancient precinct, extending from this point round 

^ See chapter ix, line 1, note. 

^ Long before this, in the early days of Athens, Cylon and 
his conspirators suffered from thirst in the same manner. 



ACROPOLIS 



the western end of the Acropolis, and along the 
southern slope nearly to the sanctuary of As- 
clepios. It was against the law to erect buildings 
in the enclosure. Just after the Persian War, 
however, when the Athenians returned from Salamis, 
they were permitted to hve here temporarily. 

A little to the northwest there rises a rough rock 
with a gloomy cavern in its eastern side. To most 
people it is a disappointment to learn that this 
barren, uninteresting place is the famous Areopagus, 
believed by many to be the Hill of Mars,^ where St. 
Paul stood, and, with the great temples of the 
Periclean Age full in view, declared to the Athenians 
that ** The Lord who made Heaven and Earth 
dwelleth not in temples made with hands." A few 
rough steps lead to the top of the rock, and there 
are some traces here of the spot where the great 
Life and Death Tribunal sat. We are told of two 
stones on which plaintiff and defendant used to 
stand. The one was called the Stone of Outrage, 
the other the Stone of Shamelessness. The court 
was sanctified by the goddess Athene herself, 
when Orestes was tried here for the murder of his 
mother. The vote was a tie, and the goddess 
decreed that forever after a tie should mean ac- 
quittal. The Plaintiff Furies in their rage and dis- 
appointment threatened dire consequences to the 

^ The name Areopagus may not refer to the God Ares. 
The meaning is perhaps The Hill of the 'Apal, i. e. Curses. 



8 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

land, until at last they were appeased by Athene, 
and induced to take up their abode in a cavern 
beneath the rock, where they were henceforth to 
be honoured as Eumenides — Reverend Well- 
Wishers. The end of the great Trilogy of Aeschy- 
lus represents the solemn procession which conducts 
the Eumenides to their new abode. Blessings 
unbounded are now invoked upon the land, re- 
versing the former imprecations. 

Chorus of Eumenides: " Oh ^ hail, all hail in the 

blessings of wealth — 
Hail ye people of the town, ye whose dweUing is near 

Zeus. 
Loved of the beloved Maid, blest with wisdom now 

at last 
High in the esteem of Zeus, since 'neath Pallas' 

wing ye rest. 

Athene: "All hail ye as well, but first I must 

go 
To show you the place of your future abode, 
By the sacred torches of these your guides, 
With sacrifice solemn, your path we attend. 
Go, haste 'neath the Earth, every evil henceforth 
To keep from our land, but all blessings to send 

To our city victorious ever. 

* Aeschylus: Eum., 949. 



ACROPOLIS 



And ye lead the way for these our new guests, 
Oh Kranaos' sons, ye guards of the State, 
And be good their intent 
Of every good thing to the people. 

Chorus: " Oh hail, all hail again in portion 
double! 

All ye dwellers in the land, deities and mortal 
men — 

Ye who Pallas' city sway, — and if ye my dwell- 
ing place 

Shall with piety revere, no disaster need ye dread." 



Marshals of the Procession: " Go to your homes, 

ye Mighty Ones, high honoured; 
Children of Night, by joyful throng attended — 

Keep holy silence, people of the land! 
'Neath ancient darkness of the lurking-places 
Of Earth, with honourable off'rings splendid, — 

Keep holy silence, all ye citizens! 

" Propitious and kind to our land 
Come hither, oh reverend train, 
With torch brightly burning your glad path dis- 
cerning; 
Ye people respond to our strain, 
With shout of rejoicing again. 



10 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

" Libation and torchlight attend. 
For Zeus hath vouchsafed to descend 
As champion all-seeing, and Fate too, agreeing; — 
Ye people respond to our strain, 
With shout of rejoicing again.'' 

We mount the long flight of steps leading to the 
citadel, and stop to rest on the platform of the 
Nik6 Apteros Temple. In the early part of the 
nineteenth century, there was left of the beautiful 
little temple not one stone upon another, when Ross 
discovered its fragments built into a Turkish bastion. 
Wonderful to relate, little of importance was missing, 
except a piece of the frieze taken by Lord Elgin 
to London. The temple was rebuilt in 1835 in 
almost unimpaired beauty. 

" Most holy Victory, my Hfe attend 
Nor weary, crowns bestowing! " ^ 

" From ^ this place there is a wide view over the 
sea, and here Aegeus having thrown himself down, 
as they say, perished. For the ship which carried 
the youths and maidens to Crete, put to sea with 
black sails. Now Theseus — for he sailed forth 
with some confidence against the so-called Bull of 
Minos — agreed with his father that he would use 

* Eurip.: Iph. Aul. end. 
' Pausanias, i. 22. 5. 



ACROPOLIS 11 



white sails, if he should sail homeward victorious 
over the Bull. But he forgot all this, when he 
carried off Ariadne. Accordingly Aegeus, when he 
saw the ship approaching with black sails, sup- 
posing his son to have perished, hurled himself 
from the height and was destroyed." The " wide 
view over the sea " well deserves its fame. 

In Plato's Phaedo we learn how the expedition 
of Theseus influenced the circumstances of the 
death of Socrates.^ 

Phaedo. " It chanced that on the day before the 
trial the wreath had been hung on the stern of the 
ship which the Athenians are wont to despatch 
to Delos." 

Echecrates. " What ship is that? " 

Phaedo. " That refers to the vessel — as the 
Athenians say — in which once upon a time Theseus 
carried the ' twice seven ' to Crete, and wrought 
them deliverance and was delivered himself. Now 
they vowed then to Apollo, as it is said, that if they 
should be delivered, they would conduct a sacred 
embassy to Delos each year. And they despatch 
this embassy yearly in honour of the god from that 
day even until now. Therefore, when they begin the 
mission, it is their custom to keep the city pure 
from defilement during that space and to put no 

* Plato: Phaedo, 58a and b. 



12 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

man to death publicly, until the ship come to Delos 
and return hither again. And this is sometimes 
a long interval of time, when it happens that winds 
detain them. And the beginning of the mission is 
the moment when the priest of Apollo places a 
wreath on the stern of the ship. And this took 
place, as I say, the day before the trial. So then a 
long time elapsed for Socrates in the prison, the 
time between his trial and his death." 

Upon the Nike platform once stood the group of 
the Three Graces by Socrates. The imagination 
finds it difficult to connect the good old sage with 
such work, and the archaeologists are inclined to 
doubt the authorship. It must be remembered, 
however, that Socrates was the son of a sculptor, and 
we can find in his sayings hints of a special devotion 
to the Graces as well as of his practical knowledge 
of the art of sculpture. 



tt 



For^ what without the Graces is by man 
To be desired? Ever be my lot 
Beside the Graces cast." 



" Of ^ waters of Cephisus sharing. 
Ye who dwell in the land of goodly steeds. 

» Theoc: 16. 108. 

' Pindar : 01., xiv. 1-17. 



ACROPOLIS 13 



Oh theme of poet's song, oh Queens 
Of bright Orchomenus, 
Ye Graces, guardians of the ancient Minyae, 
Hear when I pray. 

" For with you all that is delightsome, 
All that is sweet, 
On mortals is bestowed. 
If one be wise or fair or splendid. 

" For not without the Graces holy, 
Even the gods rule dance or festival; 

But ministers of all in heaven, 
Their throne they set beside Apollo Pythian, 

And reverence the glory everlasting 
Of their Olympian Sire. 

" Aglaia queenly and Euphrosyne, 

Lover of songs, oh hearken! 
Ye daughters of the mightiest of gods. 
And thou Thalia who in hymns delightest. 

This joyful troop beholding 

Beneath the smile of Fortune 

As with light step it treadeth." 

The Propylaea seems, next after the Parthenon, 
to have been the building in which the Athenians 
took the greatest pride. It is indeed a glorious 
entrance to the glorious sanctuary. The great 



14 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

buildings of the Acropolis have, however, been often 
described. Let us rather note minor details of our 
stroll about the citadel, which recall some tale or 
excite some reflection of interest. 

We enter the mighty gate, passing the north- 
west wing which was once adorned with the paint- 
ings of Polygnotus,^ and the southwest wing, 
altered and cramped from the original design. The 
ancient precinct of Artemis Brauronia near by 
might not be entrenched upon. Just inside the en- 
trance is the base of a monument which recalls the 
care and affection bestowed by Pericles on the 
works undertaken, during his administration, for 
the adornment of his City. One of the workmen 
employed on the roof of the Propylaea, fell and 
was seriously injured. In gratitude for a miracu- 
lous recovery, the head of the State himself caused 
a votive offering in honour of Hygeia, the goddess 
of healing, to be erected on this base. 

In spring the rock is carpeted with wild flowers, 
which peep out between the innumerable fragments 
of masonry and sculpture lying about the whole 
inclosure. Anemones of all colours, daisies, as- 
phodels, and certain beautiful pink and yellow 

* One of the pictures represented Polyxena. A Greek 
epigram tells us that " The whole story of Troy might be 
read in her eyes." Protogenes painted for the Propylaea 
a picture of the Paralos, one of the two State ships of 
Athens. 



ACROPOLIS 15 



flowers unfamiliar to foreign eyes, spring up where- 
ever there is enough soil, and supply in some 
measure the brightness of colouring which must 
have pervaded the scene in ancient times. To under- 
stand why the undoubted custom of using colour 
on the sculptural and architectural details did not 
strike as vulgar and gaudy this most sensitive 
of peoples, we must try to recall the brilliant sur- 
roundings, in the days when the gaily dressed 
throng advanced in the Panathenaic procession 
along a road lined on both sides with innumerable 
votive offerings. All the bright bronze and gilded 
chariots and shrines are gone, and there remains only 
the hard rock of the road bed, deeply rutted by the 
ancient wheels. Naturally then it is not easy for 
us to realize that a statue or building of unrelieved 
whiteness might have seemed cold and cheerless 
to the eyes of the festal throngs. 

As we advance towards the Erechtheum, we pause 
with interest at the remains of the pedestal on which 
stood one of the three colossal statues designed by 
Phidias. This was the Athene Pro machos, cham- 
pion warrior goddess, less serene and calmly beauti- 
ful than the gold and ivory maiden of the Parthenon 
hard by; but dear to the sailor and to the traveller 
returning from abroad. 

For " of ^ this Athene the point of the spear and 



^ Paus., 1. 28. 2. 



16 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

the crest of the helmet become visible to those 
approaching by sea from Sunium." 

The statue was of bronze from the spoils " of the 
Medes who landed at Marathon." 

In the Odyssey (viii, 80 and 81) the Goddess 
Athene " came to Marathon and entered the stoutly- 
built house of Erechtheus." 

This building — 

" Where ^ first Athene brought to light 
The shoot of the gray olive 
— A heavenly crown — 
And ornament to brilliant Athens/' — 

has lately undergone a good deal of restoration. 
The work has been well done, and has doubtless 
preserved from ruin the famous North Porch which 
has served as a model for so many doorways. 
The Porch of the " Caryatides " is more beautiful 
than photographs might lead us to expect, and we 
recall the pretty modern saying that " These maid- 
ens in their mournful dignity are thinking of their 
sister in distant London." 

It was in or near the Pandroseum, on the western 
side of the Erechtheum, that the great discovery was 
made in 1886 of the charming statues of archaic 
maidens. These are now in the Acropolis Museum. 

>Eurip.: Tro., 799. 



ACROPOLIS 17 



One grows more and more to admire — even love — 
these dear ladies. One has somewhat the feeling 
about them that one has about the maidens of 
Botticelli, while to the historian of art they are of 
inestimable value. 

South of the Erechtheum may be seen many 
traces of the Old Temple which stood here before 
the Persian War. These ruins are of great interest 
to the archaeologist, but are not easy for a layman 
to comprehend. We pass gigantic drums of pros- 
trate columns and at last enter the Parthenon. 
Even in its wrecked condition the wonderful temple 
overwhelms the senses, the head, and above all 
the heart. What it must have been in the days 
of its glory we cannot attempt to conceive; but 
though shorn of almost all ornament, and with most 
of its columns overthrown, it is still the Parthenon. 
Stand where the great statue stood and look East 
to Lycabettus,^ over which the morning sun still 
climbs; or mount the little stairway that leads to 
the southwestern corner of the roof, and gaze 
down over the valley of the Ilissus or across the bay 
to Aegina; or sit on the western steps with the back 
resting in one of the flutings of a mighty column, 
looking forth to the far mountains of the Pelopon- 
nesus, as the sun sinks behind Salamis, and darkness 
steals across Piraeus and the Attic plain; — it is 

* Light-trodden, according to a now abandoned etymology. 



18 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

still overwhelmingly the Parthenon, though London 
claims the greater part of the frieze and pediment 
and metopes, and though much of what remains 
is battered beyond recognition or has perished 
utterly. The western frieze is beautiful still, and 
several of the best slabs of the eastern frieze are 
preserved in the little AcropoHs Museum whither 
we next bend our steps, to spend a happy hour 
among the queer monsters from the archaic temple, 
and the fine work of Pisistratid and early Phidian 
times. 

As we emerge and stroll along the south wall of 
the Acropolis, we pass the site of the famous votive 
offering of Attains, replicas of the chief figures of 
which are to be found in many of the museums of 
Europe. To one of these figures is undoubtedly 
owed the inspiration which produced the " Dying 
Gaul." We are told that part of this offering was 
once blown over the wall by a mighty wind, 
and was found in the theatre of Dionysus 
below. 

We descend from the Acropolis and take the path 
leading to the left along the southern slope. Skirt- 
ing the top row of seats of the well-preserved Odeum 
of Herodes Atticus, — a public-spirited benefactor 
of the Roman epoch, who built this monument to the 
memory of his wife Regilla, — one passes a suc- 
cession of fragmentary remains of old Pelasgic 
work, and finally reaches the much ruined precinct 



ACROPOLIS 19 



of Asclepios/ where it is still possible to drink 
a cup of the healing water of Hygeia's fountain. 

One is glad to rest in the theatre of Dionysus, 
and dream of the scenes enacted here. Though 
nearly all the present building dates from a period 
far later than the days of the Mighty Four, yet here 
is the very spot where the most intelligent audience 
in the world met at the festival of the God to witness 
the great dramatic contests. Here were enacted the 
woes of the cursed line of Pelops, and the horrors 
of the house of Oedipus; here Prometheus made his 
immortal appeal against the tyranny of the gods; 
here Alcestis taught the depths of woman's self- 
immolating love; and here too, in joyful hours, the 
hoUday crowd took its delight in the merry squibs 
flung at their wiseacres and demagogues.^ 

Above our heads just under the Acropolis walls 
near the cave of Hagia Speliotissa stand two 
columns. They are relics of a Choragic victory, 
and as we turn our steps homeward to the modern 
city, we pass close to another such memorial, the 
beautiful little Corinthian monument of Lysicrates. 

* The precinct of Asclepios is familiar to us in the amusing 
account in the Plutus of Aristophanes, of the cure performed 
in this place upon the blind god of wealth. It is a ludicrous 
medley of charlatan priest, sham patient, gluttonous old 
woman, thievish servant, and medical hocus-pocus. 

' In the days when good-natured Socrates stood up during 
a performance of the Clouds, to give the spectators a good 
chance to compare him with his namesake on the stage. 



CHAPTER II 

COLONUS AND THE ACADEMY 

Perhaps most excursions in foreign lands 
should be made in the company of one or more 
friends. So much is gained by exchange of ideas, 
and so much of the beauty of nature is doubly en- 
joyable, when one feels that another is sympa- 
thetically affected, even if no word be spoken. 
The walk here described, however, should be a 
solitary one, at least for the first time. Afterwards 
the scenes may well be revisited and the memory 
refreshed by expression to a companion of that 
which at first was all impression. 

Down the long hill from the northeast corner of 
the Acropolis slope to the Dipylon, we take our way 
through crooked streets and past somewhat be- 
wildering ruins chiefly of Roman date. We receive 
a confusion of impressions of Athens Modern, 
Roman, and Hellenic; Athens Ecclesiastical, Com- 
mercial, Christian, and Pagan. First we pass the 
ugly Metropolitan: then a better Byzantine church; 
then a busy street of shops; an old monastery, a 

Roman Market Gate, and a portico of distorted 

20 



COLONUS AND THE ACADEMY 21 

giants; then the calm Theseum high on the left, the 
railway station; and at last we reach the ruined 
City Gate, and the peaceful cemetery of the Outer 
Ceramicus. 

We wander slowly among these tombs where 
sleep the ancient dead, the poor and the rich, the 
lowly and the great alike. Here we are particu- 
larly struck with the incredible productivity of 
Greek Art. Hundreds of the grave monuments 
of the Ceramicus are without special renown, and 
yet nearly every one is of great beauty. Most of 
the masterpieces have been taken to the Museum 
for shelter from the weather, but enough remain in 
place to give joy and wonder to the beholder, and 
send him on his way with high and holy thoughts. 
Here is the brave young knight who fell at Corinth, 
for ever striking down the foe beneath his rearing 
charger; beyond is the great lady, taking her neck- 
lace from the jewel-case held by her comely maid; 
near by is the splendid charging bull; the great 
hound with the upward glance of despair; the 
grave elder with his wife and sons; and at last the 
pathetic empty tombs consisting of four simple 
gray slabs and lid. This scene of solemnity and 
beauty is surely a fitting place in which to bid 
farewell to the city and the works of man, before 
turning our steps onward to nature and the Attic 
spring time. 

It was in the first year of the Peloponnesian War 



22 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

that Pericles uttered on this spot the famous funeral- 
oration preserved for us by Thucydides; 

" I ^ will begin first with our forefathers. For it 
is right and seemly on such an occasion, to lay 
at their feet this tribute of remembrance. For 
the same stock, ever dwelhng in this land, have 
handed it down free through their virtue by succes- 
sion of descendants to this day. They are worthy 
of all praise, and of greater praise still our own 
sires are deserving. For, after winning in addition 
to their inheritance, the great dominion we now 
rule, they transmitted it intact to us not without toil 
on their part. 

" But I pass on to the encomium of these men. 
For I deem it were not idly spoken, and that this 
mighty throng of citizens and strangers would hear 
the same with profit.'^ 

" For we enjoy a polity which needs not emulate 
the laws of our neighbours, but which rather serves 
them as model. . . ." 

So began the proud oration. Athens, the true 
democracy of Moderation, the home of Piety, and 
of all that adorns civilized life — this was the theme 
of Pericles, and we can picture to ourselves the great 
crowd as it departed from the cemetery filled with 
undying devotion to such a fatherland, and with 

» Thuc, ii. 36. 



COLONUS AND THE ACADEMY 23 

high resolution to face for her sake all that the 
oncoming days of war and pestilence might have in 
store. 

** And ^ more — we have provided for the spirit 
resting places after toil, religious games and services 
throughout the year, adorned with the grace and 
beauty our own liberality provides, the joy of 
which day by day makes us forget our sorrows. 
Through the greatness of our state, all things flow 
hither from all the world, and it falls to our lot to 
reap with no more familiar enjoyment the blessings 
our own land provides than those which come to us 
from alien peoples. ... In our education, our 
sons by toilsome effort from their earliest youth 
pursue the path of manliness. . . . We love the 
Beautiful with chastened taste, and pursue Phi- 
losophy without effeminate weakness. Wealth we 
enjoy more as furnishing opportunity for deeds, 
than as occasion for empty boast; and it is no 
shame to confess poverty. . . . 

" Wherefore also I have dwelt at length on our 
polity, in order to teach the lesson that for us the 
struggle is for a far nobler stake than it is for those 
who share in no such blessings; and also in order 
to manifest by illustration the praise of those con- 
cerning whom I now speak. And the chief part of 
the eulogy has been spoken. For the brave deeds 

» Thuc, ii. 38. 



24 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

of these and such as these have adorned the tale 
of our city which I have told, and not in the case 
of many Greeks could words and deeds balance thus 
equally in the scale. . . . And these our dead were 
such in their lives in wise beseeming such a city. 
But it behoves the survivors to pray that they may 
maintain a spirit more fortunate in the event, per- 
haps, but not a whit less daring towards the foe. . . . 
For of famous men the whole world is sepulchre; 
and not only the inscriptions written on their steles 
at home proclaim their stor}^, but even in alien 
lands, the unwritten remembrance of their spirit 
even more than of their deeds abides in every man. 
Do you then emulate these men to-day and, holding 
that Happiness consists in Liberty, and Liberty 
in Stoutness of Soul, shrink not from the dangers 
of war. For it is not the wretched who have no 
hope of good, who should more justly be unsparing 
of their lives; but those in whose case the opposite 
lot in life is still in the balance, and in whose fortunes 
the change will be most tremendous, if in aught 
they stumble." 

The road ^ leads northward for about a mile, 
until it passes the foot of a bare hill which rises on 
the right. It is a dreary Uttle hill. Scant grass, gray 
pebbles, red, muddy soil, no trees. A forlorn and 

* Near this road was the house of Timon, the hater of his 
kind. This was also the course of the torch race held in honour 
of Prometheus. 



COLONUS AND THE ACADEMY 25 

ugly place. But the view is the recompense. The 
hill commands a beautiful prospect of the Acropolis- 
crowned city, the Attic mountains, the olive groves 
of the Cephisian Plain, the road winding up the pass 
of Daphne, Salamis, Aegina, and the glorious sea. 
To the north the Plain of Attica is defended by 
the range of Mount Parnes. The clouds float over 
our heads from the mountain towards the city as 
they did in days of old to ahght on the stage of the 
theatre of Dionysus. 

" Let * us rise to view 
Clouds ever floating, 
Of nature unstable, 
Shining with dew. 
From our Father Ocean groaning deep 
To tree-clad mountain-summits steep, 
Where our far-gazing watch 
O'er the sacred soil, 
Moist with its fruitage, 

We still maintain. 
And we hear the murmurs 
Of holy rivers, 
And the roar of the heavy-thundering main. 

" For the eye of Ether unwearied gleams, 
Bright with its marble-dazzling beams. 

» Aristoph.: Clouds, 275 ff. 



26 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

" But cast we aside our wrapping of storms, 
And gaze over Earth 
With eye far-seeing, 

Clad in our native immortal forms. 



" Virgins Rain-bearing, 
Let us go to the radiant 
Country of Pallas, 
Of Heroes daring. 
Of Cecrops the lovely land to behold, 
Of the awful sacred rites untold. 
Where the mystic shrine 
With service pious 
Is opened wide; 
And gifts most rare, 
And high-roofed fanes 
With images holy. 
And the pomp of the blessed ones are there. 

" And service and festival fair-crowned 
In every season still abound. 

" And the Bacchic mirth as the Spring ad- 
vances. 

And the heavy murmuring 

Music of flutes, 
And the joy of the sweet-resounding dances." 



COLONUS AND THE ACADEMY 27 

Colonus itself is incredible. For this desolate 
hill is the one of which Sophocles sang. In his old 
age the poet was accused of imbecility, and, instead 
of making a defence, he read before his judges the 
famous ode in praise of his birthplace, thereby 
giving proof that his fires were burning undimmed. 

" To ^ the fairest spot in the land, oh guest, 
Of steeds of goodly training, 
Thou art come, to Colonus the gleaming- 
white, 
Where the nightingale, loud complaining, 

" With wail incessant doth fill the grove, 
In the verdant coppice hidden. 
Where the ivy dark is her haunting-place, 
And the shrine of the god, forbidden 

" To mortal footstep — the leafy shrine 
With myriad fruitage teeming. 
Unshaken by breath of wildest storm, 
Unscorched by the sunlight gleaming. 

" There the reveller-god, Dionysus, oft 
In the midst of his nymphs attendant — 
His nurses divine — doth lead the dance, 
And with heavenly dew resplendent, 

iSoph.: Oed., Col., 668 ff. 



28 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

" Narcissus, of mightiest Goddess- Pair 
The chaplet in ancient story, 
Its lovely clusters each passing day 
Unfoldeth in constant glory. 

" And golden gleameth the crocus bright, 
Nor ever the Springs unsleeping 
Which feed the streams of Cephisus fail, 
In their task through the meadows creeping. 

" But still unstinted from day to day 
O'er the land's broad bosom streaming. 
The river poureth its stainless flood 
With swiftest foison teeming. 

" Nor the holy band of the Muses nine, 
As they ply their mystic dancing. 
Nor Aphrodite the golden-reined 
Avoid the spot entrancing." 

It was at this blessed place that weary Oedipus 
heard the voice which bade him rest at last from his 
long sorrow, and here the exile found peace. 

Messenger: " But ^ when he came to where the path 

descends. 
With brazen pavement rooted in the earth 
He stayed at one of many parted ways, 

^ Soph.: Oed., Col., 1590 fif. 



COLONUS AND THE ACADEMY 29 

Near to a hollow, where Pirithoiis 
And Theseus made their ever-faithful league. 
Halting 'twixt this and the Thorician Rock, 
Beside the Hollow Sloe and stony vault, 
He sat him down, and loosed his squalid robes, 
And, calling to his daughters, bade them fetch 
Baths and libations from some running stream. 
But they their sire's behest fulfilUng, climbed 
Verdant Demeter's hill of prospect wide, 
And in brief time the water fetched, and washed. 
And with fresh garments clothed him, as is wont. 
And when the task was done to his content. 
And naught remained undone that he desired, 
Zeus of the nether world loud thundered — they. 
The maidens, shuddered when they heard, and wept, 
And, falling at their father's knees, they spared 
Nor rendings of the breast, nor wailings long. 
But straightway he, hearing the bitter cry, 
Folding his arms about them, spake to them: 
'Children, ye have this day no father more. 
For lo, my time hath all run out, and ye 
No more shall ply your toilsome ministry. 
Hard task I know, my children, but one word 
Alone redeems the whole of this your toil. 
For dearer love from no man have ye had 
Than from your father, and, of this bereft. 
Ye now must pass the remnant of your lives.' 
With words like these, and mutual embrace 
Sobbing, they wept together till they reached 



30 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

An end of wailing, and their crying ceased. 
A silence fell, when suddenly a Voice 
Of one who summoned him, — the hair of all 
Erect with terror stood, for sudden fright. 
The god had called him, called and called again: 
'Oedipus, Oedipus, wherefore lingerest 
In thy departure? Long hast thou delayed.' 
Then he, well knowing 'twas the god who called. 
Bade summon Theseus, ruler of the land. 
And when he came, 'Oh dearest life,' he said, 
' Give me thy hand in pledge of lasting faith 
To these my daughters — ye to him — and vow 
Ne'er to forsake them willingly, but aye 
Vouchsafe such boon as thy kind purpose will.' 
But he, as gentle knight, without delay 
Promised by oath to do his guest's command. 
And when he promised, straightway Oedipus 
Stroking with feeble hand his daughters, spake: 
'Oh children, it beseems the noble heart 
To bear this grief, depart then from this place, 
Nor seek to hear or see what heaven forbids. 
But go with speed, let only Theseus bide, 
The Sovereign, to behold what comes to pass.' 
These words he uttered, as we all could hear, 
And, with a copious flow of tears, the maids 
With loud lament were led away, but when, 
Brief time elapsing, we returned, we saw 
The man no longer present, but the king 
Shading his eyes, with hand before his face. 



COLONUS AND THE ACADEMY 31 

As if some dreadful vision had appeared, 
And one no man could bear to look upon. 
After a little then — in no long time — 
We see him do obeisance to the Earth, 
And to Divine Olympus, in one prayer. 
But by what fate the stranger perished, none 
Of men, save Theseus only, could reveal. 
For 'twas no fire-bearing bolt from God 
That ended him, no blast from Ocean driven, 
But either Heaven-sent guide conducted him, 
Or Earth's foundation gaped with kind intent, 
And took him to the world below unharmed. 
For, not with groaning, nor disease, nor pain, 
The man departed; but of human kind 
The most to be revered, — and if my words 
To some seem madness I shall make no plea 
To be believed of those who deem me mad." 

The distance is not great from Colonus to the 
bridge which crosses the Cephisus at the pretty 
village of Colocythu, whence one can return to 
Athens by tram. It is far preferable, however, 
to turn aside and wander along the river-bank, 
beneath the famous olives, till the Sacred Way is 
reached, and the cypresses guide one cityward. 
This is the precinct of Academus, and here we hold 
communion with Plato and his band of intelligent, 
high-souled Athenian Youth. 

When Plato was sojourning at the court of 



32 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Dionysius, TjTant of Syracuse, the liberality of his 
views once enraged the despot to such an extent 
that he caused the philosopher to be seized and sold 
into slavery^ He was ransomed by a friend at an 
unusually high price, and on his return to Athens, 
the city offered to reimburse the friend. The offer 
was refused, and the city then voted to use the 
money in purchasing the plot of ground destined to 
be immortahzed under the name of the Academy. 

The plot of ground was already famous. When the 
Dioscuri came to Attica to rescue their sister Helen 
— whom Theseus had carried off — an old man, 
named Academus, revealed to them her place of 
concealment. TMienever, therefore, in later times 
the Spartans invaded Attica, they spared his farm — 
the later Academy — in gratitude for the informa- 
tion. The Tjrrant Hipparchus founded here the 
famous open air g\'mnasium wherein the youth of 
Athens might ^ descend to the Academy and run 
races beneath the Moriae ^ " crowned with white 
reed, amid temperate companions, smeUing of smilax 
and of leisure and of the leaf-shedding poplar, 
rejoicing in the season of spring, when the plane 
tree whispers to the elm." 

As one walks beside the Cephisus in the shade of 

^ Aristoph.: Qouds. 1005 ff. 

' These were sacred olive trees, offshoots of the tree planted 
on the Acropolis by Athene. They belonged to the nation^ 
and were under the care of the court of the Areopagus. 



COLONUS AND THE ACADEMY 33 

the olives, one seems to hear the words of Plato, 
as he reasoned with his youthful friends, concerning 
Justice, Courage, Temperance, and Immortality. 

" And ^ thus, oh Glaucon, was the mystic tale 
preserved and perished not; and it will save us too 
if we obey it, and we shall safely pass the stream 
of Lethe and keep our souls unstained. But if we 
follow that which I counsel, and believe the soul 
immortal and able to bear all woe and all weal, 
we shall ever cleave to the upward road ^ and 
practise Justice with understanding." 

The air was sweet with the early spring flowers. 
Far in front rose the Acropolis fortress sharp cut 
in the transparent air against the dark background 
of Hymettus. 

" Happy ^ in days of old Erechtheus' sons; 
Children of blessed gods were they. 
Glorious wisdom's fruit they ever reaped 
From fatherland inviolate. 

" Ever they proudly trod through clearest ether, 
Where once Harmonia, golden-haired, 
Brought forth the Holy Nine, 
The Muses of Pieria. 

* Plato: Republic, end. 
' Described in the vision. 
^Enrip.: Medea, 824 ff. 



34 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

" They sing the Cyprian Goddess how she drew 
Streams from Cephisus flowing-fair, 
And sent to breathe forth o'er the land 
Swift-blowing, moderate breezes of the winds. 

" And as she casts upon her locks 
Garlands of roses odorous, 
On Mortals she bestows 
Loves that abide with Wisdom, furthering 
All deeds of goodness ever." 



CHAPTER III 

ELEUSIS 

We made the journey to Eleusis by train. The 
line runs by a circuitous way to the northward 
of Aegaleos which separates the Thriasian Plain 
from the rest of Attica. It was a bright morning 
of early spring and the fruit trees were in full bloom. 
The finest orchards were in the township of Achar- 
nae, the sufferings of whose inhabitants in the 
Peloponnesian War are immortalized by Aristoph- 
anes. 

Phyle, with its memories of Thrasybulus, the Lib- 
erator, was not far to our right, and we could see 
near the top of the mountain pass the remains of a 
rough stone wall running north and south. This 
was built by the Athenians as a defence against the 
Spartans in the beginning of the Peloponnesian 
War. 

The train began to go faster and faster, and 
rushed down through a region of barren rocks and 
dwarf pines into the pleasant Thriasian Plain. 

The Plain was covered with olive groves, and 
carpeted with anemones of every colour. This 

36 



36 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

region must have been indeed tempting to the 
ravages of King Archidamus in the first years of the 
war, when the Spartan military operations began 
each spring with the destruction of the crops of 
this the most fertile plain of Attica; and naturally 
it is fertile; for the Rarian fields near the town of 
Eleusis were sown with corn under the direction 
of the Great Earth Mother herself. 

We sped through the plain and approached the 
shore. The Bay of Salamis was like a mirror. It is 
here practically a lake, with narrow passages east 
and west past the spur of Aegaleos on one side 
and the cape from which rises the hill of the Kerata ^ 
on the other. Salamis appeared to be of entirely 
different shape from that with which we had be- 
come familiar looking from the Athenian Acropolis 
or from Aegina. The island really stretches nearly 
as far from east to west as from north to south, 
and is much larger than one would suppose. From 
Athens, one mentally pictures it as terminating 
opposite Piraeus, and the view of it as one emerges 
into the Thriasian Plain is a beautiful surprise. 
The sharp mountain tops were reflected in the 
glassy waters of the Bay, and the picturesque fishing 
boats from the island with their lateen sails added 
a touch of life to the somewhat lonely scene. 
At the western end of the plain, where it is 

* The name of " The Horns " is well chosen. 



ELEUSIS 37 

limited by the bay and the Kerata, was our goal 
Eleusis. 

Eleusis received its name from the Advent of the 
mighty Goddesses. It was the birthplace of Aeschy- 
lus and the home of the Sacred Mysteries which 
played such a wonderful part in the spiritual life 
of the Athenians from the earliest times down to 
the sad epoch when all the glory had departed 
from Greece. Cicero/ himself an Initiate, could 
still say of them that " In the Mysteries, we per- 
ceive the real principles of life, and learn not only 
to live happily, but to die with a fairer hope." Long 
after Christianity began to make its way, the rites 
of Eleusis survived; and it was not till 395 a. d. 
that the splendid buildings were thrown down, at the 
prompting, it is said, of the fanatical monks in the 
army of Alaric. The .orator Aristides bewails the 
fury which destroyed the shrines. " They alone 
still stood as a memorial of the old glory and dignity, 
for Athens and for all Greece." 

Pindar ^ says of them: 

" Blessed is he who, after beholding them, 
Beneath the Earth departeth. 
For he knoweth the end of Life; 
Knoweth too its God-given beginning." 



> Cicero: De Leg., ii. 14. 36. 
2 Pindar: Thren., 8. 



38 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Sophocles: ^ 

" Would I might be — 

By the gleaming shore, 

Where the Queenly Ones do cherish 

The holv mvsteries for men: 

Concerning which a golden key 
Is laid on hps of ministering Eumolpidae.^^ 

Aristophanes : ^ 

" Advance j'e now 
Through the Goddesses' sacred circle. 
Through the flowery grove in mirthful sport, 
Ye who have share in the heaven-loved feast; 

And I with these maids and matrons go, 
Where they vigil keep in the Goddesses' honour, 
To carry my holy torch." 

" Let ^ us go to the flower}^ meads 
O'ergrown with roses fair, 
Keeping our mirthful fashion 

Of dances beauteous; 
By the blessed Fates ordained. 
For to us alone is the light of the sun propitious, 
To us who the Mvsteries have learned. 
And a righteous life have led, 
Toward citizen and stranger. 

>Soph.: Oed. Col. 1049. 
'Aristoph.: Frogs, 440. 
' Aristoph.: Frogs, 324. 



ELEUSIS 39 



" lacchus, oh thou most honoured, here dwelling 
on thy throne. 

lacchus, oh lacchus! 
Come join the dance, o'er this meadow, join 

The holy revelling band. 
Shaking on thy head the fruitful crown of myrtle; 
Treading with valiant step 
The unbridled sportive measure, 
Which hath full portion of the Graces, — 
The pure, the sacred dance of the holy Mystae. 

Awake, for he cometh bearing in his hand the 
blazing torches! 

lacchus, oh lacchus! 
Fire-bringing star of our rite nocturnal. 
The old men's Hmbs begin to dance. 
And off they cast the cares and weary days 
Of lengthy years; 
By influence of the holy service; 
But thou with blazing torch lead forth 

Over the soft-flowering field, 
The blessed band of dancing youth." 

The Propylaea and the great hall of the Mysteries 
are sadly ruined, but of much interest to the archae- 
ologist. The great hall was partly the work of 
Ictinus, the architect of the Parthenon, and the 
blue Hmestone known as the Eleusinian was used 
largely in its construction. We cUmbed the hill on 



40 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

which stood the citadel used as a refuge in the 
Revolution of 403 b. c, and on the way down we 
visited the little museum of local antiquities. The 
collection is small but good. The same is true of the 
museums of many small towns in Greece, and 
perhaps one enjoys a visit to such a museum more 
than to one of the fatiguing and bewildering treasu- 
ries of the great cities of the world. We lunched in 
the grotto of Pluto, where it is thought that a 
representation used to be given of the Resurrec- 
tion of Proserpine from the world below. Here we 
rested for an hour and read the beautiful Homeric 
hymn: — ^ 

" Fair-haired Demeter to sing I begin — most 

reverend goddess; 
Her and her daughter fair-ankled, whom once the 

dread ruler of Hades 
Rapt — and deep-thundering Zeus, far-seeing, had 

granted permission — 
Far from gold-sworded Demeter, the goddess of 

harvests resplendent, 
While with her comrades she played, the deep- 
bosomed daughters of Ocean, 
Gathering flowers, the rose, and the crocus, and 

violets lovely 
Over the meadows soft, the hyacinths too and the 

iris, 

* Homeric Hymn, Dem., 1. ff. 



ELEUSIS 41 



With the narcissus which Gaea, as snare for the 

flower-faced maiden, 
Planted by counsel of Zeus, the Many-receiver to 

favour. 
Wondrously radiant it bloomed, a miracle to the 

beholders; 
Both unto mortal men and unto the blessed im- 
mortals. 
Out from its root there grew a hundred blossoming 

faces. 
Sweetest odour it breathed, and all the wide heaven 

above it, 
All the Earth laughed with deUght, and the billows 

salt of the Ocean. 
She in delighted amaze her arms stretched forth 

for the plaything — 
Lo, before her the Earth yawned wide, and opened 

a chasm, 
Straight through the Nysian Plain, and forth from it 

Lord Polydegmon 
Dashed with his coursers immortal, the many- 
named scion of Cronos, 
Seizing the maid unwilling, away in his chariot 

golden 
Bore her — In piercing shriek of terror her voice she 

upHfted, 
Calling on Father Cronides, most high of the gods, 

most holy. 



42 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

But of immortals none to the cry of Persephone 
hearkened; 

Nay, nor of mortal men, nor even the rich-fruited 
oUves. 

Only Persaeus' daughter in Ught-hearted idleness 
playing, 

Hecate radiant-stoled, the wild cry heard from her 
grotto. 

HeUos heard it as well, Hyperion^s glorious off- 
spring, 

Heard the girl calling her father Cronides, but he 
far-abiding, 

Far from the concourse of men in his prayer- 
thronged temple was sitting. 

Offerings holy and fair from mankind mortal re- 
ceiving. 

Sore then against her will, by permission of Zeus 
he conveyed her, 

He her own father's brother. Dictator, Receiver 
of many. 

Far with his coursers immortal, the many-named 
scion of Cronos. 

While then the maiden divine the earth and the 
firmament starry 

Still could discern, and still the fish-teeming current 
of Ocean, 

Still see the rays of the Sun, and hope her reverend 
mother 



ELEUSIS 43 



Once more to greet, and the troops of the deities 

ever existing, — 
So long her heart was beguiled with hope, though 

broken with anguish, 
So long the peaks of the hills, and the depths of 

ocean reechoed 
Loud her immortal cry — and her reverend mother 

heard her. 
Then sharp anguish clutched her heart and with 

quivering fingers 
Wildly she tore the veil which covered her tresses 

ambrosial. 
Quickly o'er both her shoulders she flung a mantle 

of sable; 
Then like a bird sped forth in her search over earth 

and ocean. 
Yet to reveal the truth no god and no mortal con- 
sented, 
Nor from the omens of birds true messenger came 

with the tidings. 
Nine days then over Earth, with blazing torches to 

guide her 
Held in her hands, in her quest the queenly Deo 

had wandered. 
Ne'er in her grief she consented to taste the im- 
mortal ambrosia, 
Ne'er the sweet draught of the nectar; nor suffered 

the waters to bathe her. 



44 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Now when the tenth bright dawn at last came to 

visit the goddess, 
Hecate, holding her torch, came to meet her and 

thus spake tidings: 
' Queenly Demeter, who bringest the seasons with 

splendid abundance. 
Who of the heavenly gods, or who of mankind can 

have wronged thee. 
Stealing Persephone fair, and grieving thy spirit 

beloved? 
Lo, I have heard her cry, although with mine eyes 

I beheld not 
Who it might be; so I come to tell the story un- 
erring.' 
Thus did Hecate speak, but the daughter of fair- 
haired Rhea 
Answered her not a word, but swiftly, with her as 

companion. 
Darted in search — and high in her hand the torches 

uplifted. 
HeUos first they sought, the watchman of gods and 

of mortals,: 
And, by his chariot standing, the goddess divine 

made question: 
' Helios, show me compassion, a goddess divine, if 

I ever 
Either by word or deed thy heart and thy mind 

may have gladdened. 



ELEUSIS 45 



Lo the sweet blossom I bore, the maiden of beauty 

enchanting, 
Hers was the voice of lament I heard through the 

waste of the Ether, 
As of one ravished away, although with mine eyes 

I beheld not. 
But, for that thou with thy rays from aloft in the 

heavenly Ether, 
All upon Earth and Sea beneath thee ever be- 

holdest. 
Tell me the truth of my child, if anywhere thou 

hast perceived her. 
Who by compulsion hath snatched her unwilling 

away from her mother? 
Who of the gods immortal, or who of mankind hath 

essayed it? ' 
Thus spake Demeter — and he, Hyperion's son 

made answer: 
' Daughter of fair-haired Rhea, Demeter, oh Sov- 
ereign Lady, 
This shalt thou know, for greatly I reverence thee 

and I pity. 
When I behold thee grieving for loss of thy daughter 

fair-ankled. 
None of gods else, 'tis Zeus Cloud-Gatherer only 

is guilty. 
To his own brother, to Hades, he granted the 

maiden, to call her 



46 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

, Fair-blooming bride henceforth; but he, to the 

regions of darkness, 
Far to his misty realm, bore the maid in his chariot, 
shrieking.' " 

The sun god strives to comfort Demeter by dwell- 
ing on the glory of a marriage with the great god of 
the world below; but Demeter refuses to Usten, and, 
departing from the haunts of the gods, she roams 
in disguise throughout the cities and haunts of men. 
At last she reaches Eleusis, the home of King 
Celeos. 

" Then by the wayside sat, her heart nigh breaking 

with anguish, 
Near to the well of the Maids, where the townsfolk 

came for their water, 
Sat in the shade, — and above her there grew a fair 

bower of oUve — 
Like to an ancient dame who has passed the season 

of bearing, 
Henceforth far from the gifts of Lover-of- wreaths 

Aphrodite. 
Such are the nurses of sons of kings, who administer 

justice, 
Such, through the echoing halls of their palaces, 

house-keepers stately. 
Her then beheld the daughters of Celeos, son of 

Eleusis, 



ELEUSIS 47 



Coming to fetch the water fair-streaming, that so 

they might bear it, 
Bear it in buckets of bronze to the house of their 

father beloved. 
Goddesses four as it were, fair maidenhood's flower 

possessing, 
CalUdice and Cleisidice and Demo the lovely, 
Callithoe as well, the eldest of all the sisters." 

The ladies fail to recognize the goddess, but 
address her with courtesy, bidding her welcome to 
the palace. She answers with a fictitious tale to the 
effect that she has wandered hither in flight from 
a band of pirates who carried her from Crete. Her 
name is Dos, and she would gladly take service 
in the palace as nurse or sempstress. Callidice 
answers with a brief account of the royal house, 
and proposes to run home and suggest to her mother, 
Metaneira, that the stranger be employed as nurse for 
their baby brother. 

" Thus spake the maid. The goddess assented, — 

so quickly their vessels 
Filled with the sparkling water, they bare to the 

palace, exulting. 
Quickly the house of their father they reached, and 

straight to the mother 
All they had heard and beheld they related. She, 

without pausing. 



48 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Bade them return and summon the stranger at 

wages unstinted. 
They, as the youthful deer and heifers in season 

of Spring-time 
Over the meadows leap, with pasture their hunger 

contenting, 
So did the girls, upholding the skirts of their dresses 

enchanting. 
Dart down the hollow path and round them the 

hair on their shoulders 
Tossed as they ran, resembUng the golden bloom 

of the crocus." 

The goddess follows them to the palace, where 
she is courteously received. She sits silent and 
sorrowful, till at last the jests of the maid lambe 
provoke a smile. The child Demophoon is given 
into her charge, and thrives " like a divinity," 
though it receives no mortal food. Demeter anoints 
it with ambrosia, and at night buries it in the ashes 
of the hearth. One night she is surprised by Me- 
taneira, who shrieks and protests. The goddess 
in disgust declares that the process of rendering the 
child immortal has been interrupted; but she 
consents to promise him all earthly blessings, 
because he has slept in the arms of the mighty 
goddess whom she now confesses herself to be. 
Meanwhile the poor child is lying neglected on the 
floor. 



ELEUSIS 49 



" Then * was the pitiful cry of the infant heard by 

the sisters. 
Down from their well-spread couches they leaped, 

and one of the maidens, 
Taking the babe in her arms, did soothe it to rest 

in her bosom. 
Kindled a fire a second, and, forth from the sweet- 
scented chamber. 
Hastened on delicate feet a third in quest of her 

mother. 
Gathered about him they bathed him, and coaxed 

him all helplessly gasping. 
Ah, but the heart of the child refused to be won by 

their petting, 
Far less skilful the nurses who tended him now and 

caressed him! " 

In the morning the king gave instructions to 
build a temple as commanded by the goddess. 
Therein she dwelled a whole year far from the 
blessed gods, " pining with longing for her slim- 
waisted daughter." A dreadful famine visited the 
earth, until Zeus, in apprehension lest the race 
of men perish utterly, sent Iris to Eleusis to entreat 
the goddess to come forth from her seclusion. 
Demeter remained obdurate, and at last Hermes 
was despatched to Hades. Permission was granted 
Proserpine to return to her mother; but Pluto 

1 Line 284. 



50 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

craftily induced her to eat a few seeds of pome- 
granate, " that she might not remain all her days 
beside the reverend dark-robed Demeter." 

" Then ^ she mounted the car, and beside her the 

Slayer of Argus, 
Seizing the reins and the goad, sped forth from the 

palace of Hades. 
On dashed the coursers eager, and quickly the 

journey accomplished. 
Nor could the sea, nor waters of rivers, nor grass- 
covered valley. 
Stay the rush of thfe horses immortal, nor rocks of 

the mountains. 
Over them all in their flight they cut the deep air 

as they hastened, 
Halting at last where she, Demeter, their coming 

awaited. 
Seated in front of her temple all sweet with the 

odour of incense. 
When she beheld her daughter, she dashed like a 

Maenad to meet her. 
As it had been a Maenad o^er mountain dark with 

the forest. 
But when Persephone saw the beauteous eyes of 

her mother, 
Down from the chariot leaping, she ran, and with 

tender embraces 

^ Line 377. 



« 



ELEUSIS 51 



Fell on her neck; — but the goddess, while yet her 
arms were about her, 

Boded some crafty deceit, and terribly fell she to 
trembling — 

All the endearments were checked, and quickly 
her daughter she questioned: 

' Child, hast thou tasted of food in the region below 
abiding? 

Speak, nor the truth conceal, that we both may 
know it together. 

So mayest thou forsake the loathed kingdom of 
Hades 

DwelHng with me and thy father the cloud-wrapped 
offspring of Cronos, 

Henceforth held in esteem of all the blessed Im- 
mortals. 

But if it prove thou hast eaten, to earth's dread 
caverns returning, 

All the third part of the year henceforth thou art 
doomed to abide there. 

Dwelling by me for the rest, and among the other 
Immortals. 

Then, when the Earth shall bloom with sweet- 
smelling flowers of Spring-time, 

Forth from the misty gloom of the regions of dark- 
ness infernal. 

Once more a marvel mighty, thou risest to men and 
Immortals.' " 



52 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Proserpine confesses that her husband has con- 
strained her to eat of the pomegranate, and de- 
scribes the event of her carrying off. Mother and 
daughter converse a long time with mutual satis- 
faction, and Zeus requests Rhea to descend to the 
Rarian Plain, and to ratify in his name the compact 
by which Demeter is to return to the converse of the 
gods, and to enjoy the society of her daughter for 
eight months in the year. Rhea carries the mes- 
sage, and Demeter consents. 

'^ Quickly^ she caused to spring the fruits of the 

deep-soiled pastures, 
All the broad Earth was covered with leaves and 

blossoming flowers. 
Then to Triptolemus King, and Diodes smiter of 

horses. 
Mighty Eumolpus as well, and to Celeos, Lord of the 

people. 
Showed she the doing of rites, and the mystical 

orgies' performance. 
Mysteries holy no mortal may violate, mysteries 

secret 
None may divulge — the awe of the gods the speaker 

constraineth. — 
Blessed is he who hath seen, oh blessed of Earth- 

dwelUng mortals! 

» Line 471. 



ELEUSIS 53 



He who the rites knoweth not, who hath missed 

them, shall destiny never 
Bless with his fellows — but lost he abides in the 

gloom and the darkness." 

We saw the well of Callichorus — Fair Dances — 
whence the daughters of King Celeos were wont 
to draw water, and where they met the Awful 
Dame as she sat wearied and comfortless. Here, 
before temples and halls existed for the formal 
celebration of the rites, they danced and sang in 
honour of the goddess: 

" He^ shall see. 
Beside the fountain of Callichorus, 
The torch that witnesseth the holy eikad ^ 

By night his vigil keeping. 
When too the star-eyed ether of Zeus 
Joineth in the sacred dance, 

Danceth too the moon, 
And Nereus' fifty daughters. 
Who weaving their steps through Ocean's halls 
And eddyings of rivers ever-flowing. 
With their dances celebrate 
The gold-crowned maid 
And the holy mother dread." 

^Eurip.: Ion, 1075. 

'The 20th Boedromion, the night of the march from 
Athens. 



54 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

It was now time to return to Athens, so we 
mounted our wheels and proceeded along the Sacred 
Way. Clouds had gathered, and the placid waters 
of the bay on our right had become ruffled by a 
rising wind, which made progress slow as we swept 
round the curve where the road bends at the Rheitoi 
to enter the pass of Daphne. 

The Rheitoi are large pools of salt water, the fish 
of which were reserved exclusively for the Priests 
of the Goddesses. The ancients fancied that these 
lakes derived their waters from the Euboean straits, 
through a channel flowing under Attica. The 
Rheitoi formerly marked the boundary between 
the domains of Athens and those of Eleusis when 
the latter was an independent state; and near by 
was the monument of Eumolpus, ancestor of the 
priestly family of Eleusis. 

Eumolpus came from Thrace. He was the son 
of Poseidon and Chione — the snow — and grand- 
son of Boreas, the North Wind, and of Oreithyia — 
her who rushes madly over the mountains. After 
the fight between Eumolpus and Erechtheus, King 
of Athens, Eleusis became subject to the greater 
city, while Eumolpus obtained the office of high 
priest of the Mysteries. Such is the story told by 
Pausanias. Apollodorus says Eumolpus was slain; 
for the oracle revealed to Erechtheus that he would 
be victorious if he would sacrifice his daughter. 
He slew the youngest, Chthonia, whereupon her 



ELEUSIS 55 



sisters slew themselves. A fragment from the lost 
Erechtheus of Euripides gives the words in which 
Praxithea, wife of Erechtheus, devotes her child to 
death. *' In stout-hearted wise, not unworthy of her 
city and of being daughter of Cephisus." 

" But ^ I will give my daughter dear to death. 
And many things I ponder — first the State. 
A better one than this no man can find. 
Where, first, the people come not from abroad, 
But from the soil we spring, while other states, 
Founded as if by random fall of dice, 
Are filled with immigrants from divers lands. 
Now he who goes from one State to another 
Like some ill-fitting joint in carpentry 
In name's a citizen, but in deed not so. 
And then 'tis for this end we children bear. 
That we may guard our land and altars safe. . . . 
Now if at home instead of sheaf of girls, 
A male crop flourished, and the blaze of war 
Assailed the State, should I not send them forth 
To war, because forsooth I feared for them? . . . 
But when a mother's tears speed forth her sons. 
They oft make soft the hearts attuned for fight. 
I hate those women who prefer mere life 
For their own children, rather than the Right; 
So counsel ill — and more, when men in war 
Fall amid many, they a common tomb 

^Eurip.: Frag., 362. 



56 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

And glory shared attain, while her, my child, 
Dying alone, alone the State shall crown. 
And me and her two sisters she shall save. 
What of all this is not a precious boon? 
Her who is no wise mine, save by mere birth, 
I sacrifice for fatherland; for if 
The city fall, what portion will remain 
To me of offspring? Thus my duty done. 
Others may rule, but I shall save the State. 
And this — whereof the greatest share to all 
In common is — no man, with my consent, 
Our ancient laws ancestral shall o'erthrow, 
Nor, for the Olive and the Gorgon gold. 
The Trident stand upon our fortress, crowned 
By King Eumolpus and the Thracian horde. 
And Pallas nowhere held in reverence . . . 
Oh Country, would that all who in thee live. 
Might love thee e'en as I; then should we dwell 
In safety, and no harm should'st thou endure! " 

Swinburne's Erechtheus ^ contains a paraphrase 
of this fragment of Euripides. His beautiful poem 
is one of the most essentially Euripidean plays in 
existence. Through the whole speech of Praxithea, 
we hear an echo of the conflict for the land of 
Attica between Athene and Poseidon, as it is 
depicted on the western pediment of the Par- 
thenon. 

' 495 ff. 



ELEUSIS 57 



As the road began to rise at the entrance of the 
pass of Daphne, we dismounted and turned to look 
westward for a parting view of the bay and plain. 
Far in the distance we could see the long ridge of 
legend-haunted Cithaeron, and south of it, the 
rounded mass of Geraneia. Our thoughts turned 
to the solemn hour when, after the Athenians took 
refuge in Salamis, and the Attic land was ravaged, 
Dicaeus and Demaratus, Athenian and Spartan 
exiles high in honour at the Persian court, found 
themselves ''In * the Thriasian Plain, when they 
beheld a cloud of dust moving from Eleusis, as it 
were of three myriads of men. And they won- 
dered at the dust-cloud, from what men it rose; 
when straightway they heard a voice, and the voice 
seemed to them to be that of the mystic lacchus. 
Now Demaratus was unskilled in the rites which are 
celebrated at Eleusis and asked Dicaeus what this 
sound might be. Dicaeus replied: * Oh Demaratus, 
it is not possible but that some mischief is in store 
for the army of the king. For this is clear that, 
now that Attica is deserted, this which makes the 
sound is something divine advancing from Eleusis, 
to take vengeance in behalf of the Athenians and 
their allies. And if the cloud light on the Pelopon- 
nesus, there is danger at hand for the king and his 
army on the land; but if it turn to the ships in 
Salamis, the king will be in danger of losing his naval 

* Herod, viii. 5. 



58 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

host. And the Athenians keep this festival yearly 
in honour of the Mother and the Maid, and he who 
wills, of the Athenians or of other Greeks, is initiated. 
And the sound thou hearest is the lacchic cry they 
raise at the festival.' To this Demaratus answered: 
* Be silent, and tell this tale to no man else. For if 
these words be carried to the king, thou shalt surely 
lose thy head, and I shall not be able to save thee, 
nor any other of mankind. But keep silence, and 
the gods will provide for the army.' Such was his 
advice, and from the dust and the voice arose a 
cloud which floated toward Salamis to the host 
of the Greeks. So they learned that the army of 
Xerxes was destined to perish." 

As we climbed the pass, we noticed the deep ruts 
worn in the rocky Sacred Way by the wheels of 
centuries. On the left is the ancient sanctuary of 
Aphrodite with its innumerable niches for votive 
offerings. We could fancy the processions pouring 
through the pass, the light of their torches " all 
night long " reflected from the rocks on either side. 
At last we reached the monastery and church at 
the top of the pass, and remounted for the long 
descent to the oHve-planted plain of the Cephisus. 
Athens burst upon our view illuminated by a west- 
ern sun, and after a descent of more than a mile, we 
reached level ground and the famous crossing of 
the Cephisus. This was the scene of the " Gephy- 
rismoi " or Bridge-jokes which formed a feature 



ELEUSIS 59 



of the sacred processions, recalling the jests of the 
maid lambe which first evoked smiles from the 
broken-hearted mother. 

From the bridge to Athens, the way led us past 
the Botanical Gardens, and we entered the city 
near the Dipylon. 



CHAPTER IV 

AEGINA 

On a bright morning in early March, we em- 
barked at the Piraeus on the small steamer Argo 
for her first trip of the season. A stiff Norther was 
blowing, and the snow-white clouds, saihng across 
the blue of the sky, were repeated in the white caps 
of the still bluer sea. The Httle steamer sailed out 
of the quiet harbour, past the headland of Munychia, 
and soon was in the tumbhng sea of the Saronic 
Gulf. As she " ran over the billows accomplishing 
her course," the three mountains which curtain the 
Attic Plain receded, and the Peloponnesian shore 
grew more and more distinct. Across our bow 
passed a tossing brig bound seaward with all her 
sails set and filled by the blasts which swept down 
from Parnes. Here and there tiny fishing boats 
could be seen with gunwales awash, their crews 
often consisting only of an old man and a boy. 
Salamis lay to our right, its central mountain rising 
sharply in the background, while its coast stretched 
low, hard, and utterly barren. 

As the Island dropped astern, we read the account 

60 



AEGINA 61 

of the battle of Salamis from the Persians of Aeschy- 
lus: 

Messenger: ^ " The Gods preserve the goddess Pallas' 
town." 

Atossa: " Then is the Athenians' city still un- 
spoiled? " 

Messenger: *' For so her men live, safe her walls 
abide." 

Atossa: " But how began the conJ3ict of the ships? 
Who first adventured, was it Greeks, the fray, 
Or, boasting of his myriad ships, my son? " 

Messenger: " Mistress, the spring of all this misery 
Was some Avenger or some angry God. 
For, from the Athenian host a Greek arrived. 
And to thy son, King Xerxes, tidings spake: 
To wit, that if night's blackness should arrive. 
The Greeks would stay not, but upon their decks 
Leaping in panic, seek their lives to save 
By secret flight, one here, one there afar. 
Now Xerxes heard, yet, marking not the trick 
Of Greek informer, nor ill-will of Heaven, 
To all his captains proclamation makes: 
When Helios Hghting with his rays the Earth 
Shall cease, and gloom the Ether's temple hold, 
To range the throng of ships in triple lines 
To guard all exits and the seaward paths; 
^ Aeschylus: Pers., 349 ff. 



62 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Others he bade round Ajax' Isle to wheel; 
For if the Grecians should escape their doom 
By finding hidden loophole for their ships, 
Beheading was to all the stern decree. 
So much he spake with heart too much at ease, 
For naught of Heaven's decree he understood. 
But they, in order due and discipUne, 
Made ready supper, and each sailor skilled 
Looked to his oars, his tholes, and all his gear. 
But when the hght of sun had passed away 
And night approached, each master of the oar. 
Each warder of the tackle took his post. 
And rank to rank of warships cried the word. 
And as to each the post had been assigned, 
They sailed, and all night long the captains kept 
Manoeuvring the entire naval host, 
And night advanced, nor yet a Grecian ship 
Had anywhere attempted secret flight. 
But when Aurora, with her coursers white. 
Held all the Earth, fair-shining to behold. 
An echoing shout first sounded from the Greeks 
Like song of joy, and, at the instant, loud 
The answer echoed from the Island Cliff, 
And dread on all the host barbaric fell. 
Their hopes frustrated, — Not as if for flight 
The Grecians hymned their holy paean then. 
But as to battle roused with courage stout; 
And all the coast blazed with the cry of trump. 
Then straightway with the clash of dashing oar, 



AEGINA 63 

They smote the watery brine at order given, 

And swiftly all were plainly in our view. 

The right at first led on in Une of war 

In goodly order, then the fleet entire 

Followed, and at the moment one might hear 

A mighty cry: — ' Oh sons of Greeks, advance! 

Deliver your ancestral soil, your sons 

And wives set free, and shrines of tribal gods, 

And tombs of forefathers! The Stake your All! ' 

From our side too, the roar of Persian tongue 

Leaped in response; and now delay was past. 

And straightway ship 'gainst ship her brazen beak 

Dashed — and a Hellene prow the shock began, 

And from a Punic ship the figurehead 

Broke off entire, and then, one here, one there 

Her stem directed — Now the Persian host 

At first withstood, but soon the throng was pressed 

In narrow strait, and mutual aid was naught. 

But, by their own bronze-armoured beaks assailed. 

The line complete of oarage swift was crushed. 

In circle round, the Grecian ships their blows 

Not heedlessly inflicted, till the hulls 

O'erturned, concealed the reddened sea beneath. 

Covered with wreck of ships and blood of men. 

The shores around and reefs with corpses piled. 

Then, in disordered flight each ship was rowed, 

So many as were left of Persian host. 

But they, as 'twere some tunny shoal, the foe 

With splintered oars and wreckage fragments smote. 



64 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

And tore to shreds the wretches, while their groans 

And shriekings covered all the briny sea, 

Till night's dark eye concealed the horrid scene. 

But, to recount to thee the sum of woe 

I could not, if I spake for ten full days. 

For know this well, that on a single day, 

Never so vast a host of mortals died." 

The Argo was by this time approaching the cUffs 
of Aegina, and she soon rounded the black spire 
of rock which rises from a ledge running out into 
the sea at the northeastern corner of the island. 
This is doubtless one of the many reefs planted 
by King Aeacus as a protection against pirates, as 
we are told by Pausanias. The black spire is all 
that is left of the mound built at his father's bidding 
by Telamon, that he might stand thereon and plead 
defence for his part in the murder of Phocus.^ 

We dropped anchor in the little bay of Hagia 
Marina, and landed by rowboat. The clearness of 
the blue-green water and the purity of the white 
sandy bottom are remarkable even for the Aegean. 

The island was named of old Oenone, the Island 
of the Vine, and the gnarled bushes, with no signs 
as yet of their verdure, covered every field and slope. 
The later name of Aegina points to Theban invasion. 
Aegina was the daughter of Asopus, god of the 
Boeotian river, and witness of the mighty battle of 

* See below. 



AEGINA 65 

Plataea, which finished on land the work begun 
on sea by Salamis. The River God married Metope 
— her of the fair forehead — and begat two sons 
and twenty daughters. Zeus loved and carried off 
the fairest of these, Aegina/ and when the father 
sought her sorrowing, the mighty god drove him 
back by the thunderbolt to his native banks,^ and 
bore Aegina across the Saronic Gulf to Oenone. The 
island has borne since that time the name of the 
nymph, for she became the mother of Aeacus the 
Just, and ancestress of the mighty line from which 
Achilles sprang. 

The goddess Hera took vengeance for the loves of 
Zeus and Aegina upon the inhabitants of the place. 
Ovid describes the pestilence which depopulated the 
island in language which reminds us of Thucydides, 
Boccaccio and Defoe. Aeacus in despair prayed to 
Panhellenian Zeus of the great temple on the 
mountain: 

" * Oh ^ Jupiter,' I prayed, * if fables be not false 
which say thou didst embrace Aegina, daughter of 
Asopus, and if thou takest not shame, mighty 
father, to be called my parent; then give me 

* Pausanias (ii. 5) tells us that it was the wicked Sisyphus of 
Corinth who revealed to Asopus his daughter's fate, in return 
for the gift of the fountain of Pirene on Acrocorinthus, sup- 
plied by the waters of the river. He pays in Tartarus the 
heavy penalty for the revelation. 

^ Where coal abounds to this day. 

^Ov.: Metam.,vii. 253 fif. 



66 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

back my people, or hide me too in the grave.' Zeus 
gave a token by Hghtning-flash with thunder follow- 
ing — ' I accept/ I cried, ' and be this a happy sign 
of thy intentions! I take as pledge the omen thou 
givest me.' Hard by there chanced to stand an 
oak, with far-spreading branches. Sacred to Jove 
it was, and sprung from Dodonaean seed. On this 
I beheld corn-gathering ants in long array carrying 
in tiny mouths enormous burdens and keeping their 
straight path upon the wrinkled bark. I noted the 
vast number and exclaimed: ' So many citizens 
give me, oh mighty father, and fill my empty walls.' 
The tall oak quivered, and uttered a sound from its 
branches which were shaken though by no breeze. 
My hmbs stiffened with quaking fear, and my hair 
stood erect. Yet gave I kisses to the Earth and to 
the tree trunk. I dared not say I hoped; but hope 
I did, and cherished in my heart my longings. Night 
fell, and sleep possessed my hmbs with sorrow worn. 
Lo, before mine eyes that same oak seemed to 
stand, those branches, and it carried creatures on 
the branches in number as before, and in like manner 
it seemed to shake and scatter upon the field be- 
neath the grain-laden throng. When suddenly, 
lo, they grew, and became ever taller and taller to 
look upon, and Ufted themselves from the ground 
and stood with form erect. They cast off their tiny 
size and many feet and dark hue, and clothed their 
limbs in shape of men. My slumber left me, and my 



AEGINA 67 

waking thoughts rejected the vision I had seen. I 
cried in anguish that there was no help in heaven. 
When lo, a great sound arose in the halls. I seemed 
to hear men's voices long unwonted. But while 
I fancied this too must be dreaming, lo Telamon 
rushed in and cried, * Oh father, thou shalt see 
things too great for hope or credence. Come forth! ' 
I came, and just such men as I had seemed to see 
in my dream, just such in rank I saw and recog- 
nized." 

The new population were called Myrmidons * 
and retained in subsequent days the habits of gal- 
lant industry of their ancestors. Aeacus became so 
famous for the efficacy of his prayers that once when 
Greece was afflicted by famine, the oracle at Delphi 
declared that deliverance might be obtained if 
Aeacus would offer prayer in behalf of the land: 
" And ^ when Aeacus prayed, Greece was freed 
from her fruitlessness, and after his death he was 
honoured in the realm of Pluto and he guards the 
keys of Hades." 

Donkeys met us at the landing rock, and for half 
an hour, the rugged path wound under the pines up 
the hillside spangled with anemones — flowers of the 
wind indeed. At the top of the hill stands the old 
Doric temple of Aphaea.^ Aphaea was a nymph of 

» MipixT)^, ant. 

' Apollod., iii. 12. 6. 10. 

' Athene has of late been dethroned by the archaeologists. 



68 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Artemis-Dictyrma, and used to dweU in Crete 
Shunning the love of ^linos, she fled for nine long 
months through mountain, forest, and morass, and 
at last in despair, leaped from a crag into the sea. 
A fisherman named Andromedes rescued her in his 
net,^ and carried her in his skiff to Aegina. He too 
offered the cold nymph his love, and once more the 
flight began from this new pursuer. At last she 
vanished in the sacred gi'ove which crowns the 
temple hiU, and from her disappearance^ comes her 
name Aphaea. 

We lunched among the ruins of the temple. Noon 
was upon the Aegean, and the " brilliant wind " 
blew from the shore with the \4gour of a New England 
Norther. The air was so clear that far Belbina 
could be plainly seen. Landward lay the smiling 
fields and oHve groves, the scattered farmhouses, 
and the pine-clothed hills of Aeacus' ancient king- 
dom. 

Aeacus left his throne to judge the spirits in the 
world below, assessor of Minos and Rhadamanthus, 
so righteous had been his peaceful sway in this 
happy island. But righteousness and peace soon 
fled from the hiUs and valleys. The strife of brethren 
brought about the first migration. Peleus and 
Telamon, sons of Aeacus, were worsted in the sports 
by their brother, Phocus; and plotting his death 

^ dlKTVOV. 

^ dfpayijs tyevero. 



AEGINA m 

together, they cast lots to see who should be the 
fratricide. Telamon, at the discus-throwing, hurled 
his quoit at Phocus with fatal aim, and with his 
guilty brother hid the body in the forest. But the 
deed became known, and the just king banished his 
unworthy sons. Telamon fled to Salamis where the 
childless king, Kychreus, was ruling a desolate 
island. For a dreadful serpent was ravaging the 
fields and destroying the folk. Telamon slew the 
monster, and received the throne as his inheritance. 
He prayed to Zeus for a male child, and lo, an eagle 
appeared to him as a sign from heaven. When the 
boy was born he was named Aias. For Aietos 
signifies Eagle, and Aias is none other than the 
mighty Ajax of the Trojan story. But Aegina 
remained without a king for ever, for the sons of the 
murdered Phocus fled to Parnassus, and bestowed 
their father's name upon the land of Phocis.^ 

The centuries witnessed the incessant strife 
against the great city across the Gulf, until this 
" eyesore," as the proud Athenians named it, fell 
at last and its inhabitants were altogether driven 
out. Yet these early Aeginetans had been men of 
no mean stock. The pottery they fashioned was 
used in Italy and Egypt, and in the Euxine towns. 
Their coins passed current in the markets of the 
world, the talent of Aegina long continuing to be 
known more widely than even the Solonic talent 

* Pausanias, ii. 29. 



70 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

of Athens/ and it was Aegina's fleet that earned the 
prize for valour in the fight at Salamis. When evil 
days came to the conquering state, and the power 
of Athens fell at Aegos Potami, some scanty remnant 
of the Aeginetan race returned to the ancestral 
island; but the old glory never returned, and through 
the ages which history leaves hidden in darkness 
from our eyes, the mingled stock seems gradually to 
have been reduced to the handful who inhabit the 
island to-day. 

Aegina was a favourite theme with Pindar: 

" Land ^ of the long oars, fatherland, Aegina 
Judgment throne where sitting Themis, the Pre- 
server 
By the side of Zeus the guardian of Strangers, 
More than all mankind is honoured with observance. 
For a matter weighty, many ways inclining 
Rightly to adjudge, and not with false proportion, 
Is a problem hard to overthrow by wresthng. 

" But of immortals some ordinance 
Hath stabhshed this sea-fenced land, 
Pillar divine to support 
Strangers of every clime. 
Nor may the years in their flight 
Weary maintaining this law." 

^ Ephorus, quoted by Strabo, says the Aeginetans were the 
first who used stamped coinage. 
^ Pindar: Oljrmp., viii. 20. 



AEGINA 71 

" Not ^ from the Graces far 
Hath fallen the lot of the Isle, 

City of Justice and Right, 

Sharing the glorious fame 

Of the deeds of Aeacus' line. 

" Perfect her glory from olden time — 

Oft is she sung victorious 
In struggles of heroes she nursed. 
Highest in contests swift, 
In mortal men no less 
Shineth her fame." 

" Broad ^ are from every side the ways 
For chroniclers, the glorious Isle to praise. 
For by the mighty deeds they showed. 
On her the Aeacids bestowed 
Surpassing other lands, a fame 
And over Earth and far beyond the Sea is spread 
their name." 

" No ^ maker of images I 

To build enduring forms 
On bases immovable standing — 
But oh m}^ song, on every bark, 
In every ship, sweet song, 

* Pindar: Pyth., viii. 21. 
^ Pindar: Nem., vi. 51. 
' Pindar: Nem., i. ff. 



72 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Go from Aegina, tidings spreading, 

How Lampon's son, 
Pytheas of broad strength. 
The crown of the Pancration won 

In games Nemean. 

" While yet his cheek showed not 
The tender summer, of the wine-bud mother. 

With glory hath he crowned 

The warrior heroes, sprung 

From Cronos and from Zeus, 

And from the golden Nereids — 
The Une of Aeacus. 

" His mother city he hath glorified. 
Dear soil of guests, 
Which once they prayed might be 
Renowned for men and ships; 
As standing near the shrine of Hellene Zeus, 

They spread their hands aloft, 
Endais' ^ sons right famous, and the might 
Of Phocus princely." 

The temple has been shorn of its chief glory — 
the Pediment sculptures — which are the pride of 
the Munich Glyptothek. We used to Uke to be told 
to note the proud smile on the lips of the Greeks 
as they met death, the stern joy in their eyes as 

* Wife of Aeacus. 



AEGINA 73 

they faced the foe. This was before the world 
had learnt so much about archaic sculpture and the 
work of the predecessors of Phidias. Yet perhaps 
the fancy was not wholly untrue. However that 
may be, we cherished the old thought as we looked 
up at the gray architraves now robbed of their 
crowns. The columns stand high and clear in the 
brilliant sunshine, and we strolled among them, 
placing ourselves to get vistas now of Argolis, now 
of Geraneia, Cithaeron, Parnes, and at last of 
Athens with the golden Acropolis, and Pentelicus 
rising behind, with Hymettus and its foothills east 
and south to Sunium. 

These lesser ruined temples of Greece offer little 
perhaps of grandeur or of architectural splendour 
to the eye. It is to the heart they speak, and that 
most surely they do — every one of them. They are 
so truthful, so sincere. The effect is produced with 
so little effort of elaboration. The Colonnade, the 
Fore-house, the Cella, the Rear-house, that is all. 
Every trace of ornament has disappeared, and all 
colour save the glow of pink and gold and gray 
which time has bestowed instead of man's devices. 
And the temples are nobly placed. They look forth 
from headland or from hill-top, over island-studded 
gulf or fertile inland plain, simple and serene. 

We filled our lungs with the wholesome cold 
March air, and descended with clean hearts and 
minds to the landing place once more. The Argo 



74 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

got up steani; and round the headland met the 
waves which by this time had become boisterous. 
She plunged valiantly into them, but we saw that 
it was going to be slow work to reach a point where 
the influence of the windward shore would give 

relief. " 'Et^ <o(f>€k' "Apyovg firj StaTrracr^at <TKd4>os ! " 

Far to the left rose Acrocorinthus and the Arcadian 
mountains. The Argo struggled on past the little 
islands which stud the Saronic, till at last Salamis 
offered a lee, and we ran past Psittaleia and Cynosura^ 
— on into the quiet waters of the Bay of Salamis. 

We turned before reaching the narrows, and saw 
in the distance the navy-yard where the modern 
Greek fleet lay at anchor. It consisted of but a 
handful of gunboats, but it was sufl&cient doubtless 
to have scattered all the hosts of Persia by a few 
broadsides. To the north rose the " Rocky brow 
that looks o'er seaborn Salamis." To the south, the 
Island in its immortal glory, lit by the last ray of 
the setting sun. 

" Paths ^ of the dashing sea surge, caves by the 
ocean's edge, grove on the promontory's brow," 
mourned Ajax of his " long-time exile round the 
walls of Troy," his dying thoughts turning to the 
beloved island home. 

" The ^ son of Telamon, in prosperity swaying 

^ The Dog's Tail, behind which the Greek fleet lurked. 

2 Soph.: Ajax, 412. 

3 Soph.: Ajax, 134. 



AEGINA 75 

Salamis, founded where the sea floweth round." 
But Ajax, the mighty, Ajax, the heir of Salamis 
fell, as strength so often falls overcome by wit, and 
as in after days, the rugged Salaminians fell under 
the sway of clever Athens and Solon the Wise. Yet 
Athens in her glory never forgot the shelter which 
the Island gave in her hour of need. Always in 
her navy was a" Salaminia " used for highest and 
hohest purposes. And The Sea Fight needed no 
special name, when it was used to point the exhorta- 
tions of the great orators in the days when Grecian 
liberty was once more threatened, and sinking to its 
end on the fatal plain of Chaeronea. 

Psittaleia, the island of massacre, where Persia's 
noblest were slaughtered like cattle in a pen, was 
lighting its beacon as we rounded the northern end, 
and headed across for Piraeus. 

" There ^ is an island fronting Salamis, 
Small — a mean roadstead offering for ships. 
Dance-loving Pan oft treads its ocean verge. 
Thither the king his noblest sends, that when 
The routed foe for refuge seek the isle. 
They smite the Grecian host, an easy prey. 
And friends may rescue from the ocean paths. 
The future ill discerning, — for when Heaven 
To Greeks the glory gave in fight of ships, 
Their bodies clad in armour of good bronze, 

^ Aeschylus: Persians, 449 ff. 



76 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

At once they leaped to shore from off the decks, 
And circled the whole island, nor our chiefs 
Knew where to turn for safety, for in showers 
They pelted them with rocks, and, from the bow, 
The arrows pouring wrought destruction swift. 
At last, in one fierce rush the Greeks dashed on, 
They smote, they hacked their wretched victims' 

hmbs. 
Until they reft the hfe from aU the band. 
When Xerxes saw the depth of ill, he groaned, 
For on a throne conspicuous to the host, 
He sat, on mountain brow near ocean's brine. 
Rending his robes, he cried in loud lament. 
And, leaving to his host on land the fight. 
In flight unseemly thence he rushed. — Such woe 
Is thine to weep for, added to the first." 



CHAPTER V 

MAEATHON 

We made an early start from Athens, and after 
leaving the city, we quickly came to true pastoral 
country of a kind very characteristic of Greece. 
Attica for the most part is barren, but here we found 
meadows of soft grass as green as those in the fertile 
lands of the Peloponnesus. We passed flocks of 
sheep tended by handsome young bearded shepherds 
in cloaks of rough wool and carrying real crooks. 
They represented precisely one's idea of Meliboeus 
or Tityrus. The pastures were fields of grass of the 
type of good golf turf, dotted with clumps of furze 
bush or thistle, and covered with anemones of every 
colour. Here and there a gnarled olive tree offered 
a tempting spot, should Tityrus feel inclined to 
try his pipe. 

We passed an occasional ruined church, or a new 
one situated in a group of three or four cottages 
with a modest inn, where the driver stopped to 
give water to his horses. Soon we crossed a low 
spur of Hymettus and began a long gentle descent 
through olives and pines. This part of the road is 

77 



78 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

lonely but very beautiful. At one point we crossed 
a bridge and drove through a perfect tunnel of 
foliage. Pines, ohves and vines, planted thick on 
either side, afforded shade, rare indeed in this land. 

One of the favourite haunts of the great god Pan 
was near this spot. The stalactites in his cave bear, 
to this day, the forms of his goats, and he must have 
loved the Marathon region well. As Phidippides tra- 
versed the Arcadian mountains in quest of help for 
Athens, the god suddenly appeared before him. 
There is no panic terror now in his mild countenance, 
but good cheer, as he tells Phidippides that all will 
be well. For he himself — the resistless power of 
Nature — will be present at Marathon on the great 
day. And the Athenians, who had hitherto neg- 
lected his worship,* gave him in gratitude a shrine 
in the grotto on the northern slope of their own 
Acropolis. 

We reached a wayside inn, where we changed 
horses, and rested half an hour. This spot is the 
scene of the last instance of kidnapping by brigands.' 
We had passed the Diacria, the high ground between 
Hymettus and Pentelicus, and from now on our 
road, for the most part, was a long slow descent, 
until we suddenly caught sight of the sea. Far to 
the northeast we saw the snow-clad Euboean 
mountains across the Euripus. To the southeast a 

* Pausanias, i. 28. Pace Eurip.: Ion, 492. 
» In 1870. 



MARATHON 79 



low gray island was Ceos, the birthplace of Simonides, 
the poet whose name is associated with the war of 
which our minds were full, as we approached the 
scene of the first battle. Simonides wrote many 
epitaphs in honour of those slain in the Persian 
War.* In competition with Aeschylus — who had 
himself fought at Marathon — he composed an 
inscription for the famous picture by Mikon, Panae- 
nus, and Polygnotus in the Painted Stoa of Athens.^ 

" Fighting as champions for Greece on Marathon's 

plain, the Athenians 
Low on the ground the might dashed of the gold 

bearing Medes." 

Here is the inscription offered by Aeschylus, but 
rejected as inferior to that of Simonides: 

" Men^ of Plataea and Athens, on Marathon's 
meadow embattled. 

Low on the ground the might dashed of the gold- 
bearing Medes." 

We wound up a hill scarred by the marks of a 
recent great conflagration, and at last far away, we 
could descry a broad plain shut in on three sides 
by hills, and washed on the fourth by the Euboean 

* The most famous ones refer to Thermopylae. 

' Simonides, 90 Bergk. 

^ Aeschylus: Elegy, i. Bergk. 



80 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Strait. This was Marathon; but, for the half hour 
of approach, our attention was held by the view of 
the mountains across the Strait which is here very- 
narrow. Northeast, the promontory of Cynosura 
runs out from the mainland. It is curious that there 
should have been points of land with identical names 
at both Marathon and Salamis. Here the name 
'' Dog's Tail " may recall Aelian's statement that 
in the above-mentioned picture of the Painted 
Stoa, there appears a dog, taken as " fellow sol- 
dier "to the battle by one of the Athenians. '' Both ^ 
are painted in the picture, the dog not being left 
unhonoured; for he obtained this meed for the 
danger he faced that he is to be seen together with 
Cynaegiros, Epizelos, and Callimachus." 

Conspicuous in Euboea rises snow-crowned Dir- 
phys. Simonides ^ wrote an epitaph on the peasant 
lads who fell for their country: 

" Under the slope of Dirphys we fell. This mound 

in our honour 
Hard by Euripus stands, raised by our countrymen 

here. 
Just was the tribute. We lost the early prime of 

our manhood, 
We who holding our ground, met the rude cloud of 

the war." 

* Harrison: Myth, and Mon. of Ancient Athens, page 139. 
' Simonides, 89 Bergk. 



MARATHON 81 



The road to Rhamnus runs north from the plain. 
Here stood the famous statue of Nemesis. For the 
Persians brought with them to Marathon a huge 
block of Persian marble, whereof to make a trophy 
in celebration of the expected victory. From this 
very bit of stone Phidias wrought the statue of the 
goddess, whose wrath had been stirred by their 
presumptuous confidence.^ 

Upon reaching the edge of the plain of'Marathon 
the carriage stopped at a group of farm buildings, 
and we alighted and proceeded to the mound which 
rises from the centre of the plain. This is the 
famous ** Soros " heaped over the bodies of the 
Grecian dead, and while its genuineness has at times 
been disputed, archaeologists have at last pro- 
nounced in its favour. In the fight, the Athenians 
were marshalled tribe by tribe, that friend might 
be encouraged by the proximity of friend; and so, 
tribe by tribe, the bodies of one hundred and ninety- 
two heroes were laid in this mound. Beside it, 
" Each night and all night long, one may hear the 
sound of champing horses and of fighting men." ^ 

The Soros is the only elevation in the perfectly 
level plain, and we lunched under the shade of the 
clump of trees on its northern side. 

Modern military critics have proved that Mara- 
thon was not much of a battle after all. It was 



^ Pausanias, i. 33. 
^ Pausanias, i. 32. 



82 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

merely a rear-end engagement with Persians who 
were already embarking. In the Greek imagination, 
however, it holds high place after Thermopylae, 
Salamis, and Plataea. For it was the first conflict, 
and as it turned out it led to a ten years' respite. 
We can hear throughout Greek oratory and poetry 
the echo of the exultant consciousness that from 
this first conflict between Slave and Free, Liberty 
came forth triumphant. 

In the Persians of Aeschylus, Queen Atossa asks 
the chorus for information concerning these strange 
Athenians: 

Atossa: ^ " Tell me, who is their commander, who 

is despot o'er the folk? " 
Chorus: " Of no mortal man the servants, nor the 

subjects are they called." 
Atossa: '' How then could they bide the onset of the 

foeman pressing hard? " 
Chorus: " In such fashion that Darius saw his 

mighty host destroyed." 

" The ^ greatest orator of the ancient world swore 
* by those who lay buried at Marathon,' as if they 
were gods, and no appeal was more inspiring to 
Athenian ears than that to the memory of those who 
fought at Marathon." 

* Line 243. 

' Wordsworth: Greece, page 114. 



MARATHON 83 



" Our ^ ancestors conquered the barbarians who 
first trod Attic soil, and made plain that Manhood 
is stronger than Wealth, Valour than Numbers." 

Pausanias ^ tells us how the fight was depicted on 
the walls of the Painted Porch. 

" Of the Boeotians, those who dwelt at Plataea, 
and the whole of the Attic force, are advancing to 
close quarters with the barbarians. And in this 
part of the picture the fight is equal. But further 
on, the barbarians are fleeing and pushing one an- 
other into the swamp. And at the end of the pic- 
ture are the Phoenician ships, and the Greeks killing 
the barbarians, who are rushing towards these. 
There is also painted the hero Marathon — from 
whom the plain has been named — and Theseus ^ 
is depicted Hke one rising from the Earth, and Athene 
and Heracles. For Heracles was regarded as a god 
by the Marathonians first, as they themselves say. 
And of the fighters, those most conspicuous in the 
picture are Callimachus,* who had been elected 
Polemarch by the Athenians, and Miltiades of the 
generals, and the hero called Echetlos." ^ 

* Lycurg., 163. ^ Pausanias, i. 15. 3. 

^ Theseus in earlier times had brought deliverance to the 
dwellers in Attica by slaying the Marathonian Bull. We see 
him in the quaint group in the Acropolis Museum with the 
bull over his shoulders. 

^ Callimachus was pierced by so many spears that his body 
was unable to fall to earth. 

^ Echetlos was the mysterious figure who appeared on the 



84 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 



We picked our way shoreward over the firmer 
parts of the marsh, and found a comfortable heap 
of dry seaweed on the beach, where we spent an 
hour enjoying the bright sunshine and the glorious 
view of the Euboean Strait. Herodotus was our 
guide. Off this very beach, Hippias, longing to 
recover the throne whence he had been expelled, 
" Guided^ the ships of the barbarians, . . . and 
anchored them, and marshalled the Persian troops 
after they had disembarked on the shore. And as 
he was thus employed, it befell him to sneeze and 
cough more violently than was his wont, and as he 
was elderly, his teeth for the most part were shaken. 
So then he lost one of his teeth by the violence of 
his coughing, and as it had fallen upon the sand he 
used great diligence to find it. But as his tooth 
appeared not, he groaned and said to the bystanders: 
* This land is not for us, nor shall we prove able 
to make it subject; for so much of it as was to 
have been my share, my tooth already has ob- 
tained. . . .'" 

The famous narrative runs on in the historian^s 
dehghtful style of sober narrative, quaint anecdote, 
and historical digression. The unexpected arrival 



field during the fight and dealt mighty blows with his plough- 
share. The oracle afterwards bade the Athenians " honour 
Echetlos," and they built him a monument of marble. Cf. 
Browning. 

1 Herod., vi. 107. 



MARATHON 85 



on the scene of the heroic Plataeans en masse must 
have cheered the hearts of the anxious Athenians. 
There is something quite touching in the almost 
romantic affection of the Athenians for their humble, 
oppressed Boeotian proteges; and the devotion of 
the Plataeans to the city that alone had helped them 
in their need, appears again and again in Grecian 
history. Herodotus, after telling of the arrival of 
the Plataeans, and after commenting on this ancient 
tie of friendship, describes the anxiety of the Athe- 
nian generals, and their patriotic self-abnegation 
and resolution at the last. We could follow, without 
difficulty, his description of the positions of the 
contestants, and the details of the fight. 

'* When ^ their dispositions were made, and the 
omens were propitious, . . . they rushed at full 
speed against the barbarians. . . . But the Per- 
sians, when they saw them approaching at a run, 
prepared as if to receive their onslaught. And they 
imputed madness to the Greeks, and a right fatal 
madness, when they saw them so few, and these 
pressing on at a run aided by neither cavalry 
nor archery. . . . And the Athenians, when they 
had joined in close conflict with the barbarians, 
then they fought in wise worthy of description. 
For they were the first of all the Greeks whom we 
know, who went at running speed against enemies, 
and the first who endured the sight of the garb of 

' Herod., vi. 112. 



86 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

the Medes and the men clad therein. For before this, 
even the name of the Medes was a terror for the 
Greeks to hear." 

We could picture to ourselves the temporary 
success of the Persians at the centre of the line, 
where they drove their opponents well towards the 
hills. Then our imagination recalled the Grecian 
wings victorious, the flight through the marshes, 
and the wild rush for the ships; the effort to set 
these on fire; Cynaegiros grasping the prow of a 
vessel, and falling, his arms severed by a battle 
axe; then the final retreat of the fleet round Sunium; 
the flashing shield signal given by traitors from 
mount Pentelicus; the hasty return of the Athenians 
to their city to thwart the treachery; — and finally, 
the arrival of help from Sparta when all was over. 

The historian gives a dry account of the conduct 
of the Lacedaemonians. When Phidippides came 
with his agonized appeal, '^ It ^ pleased the Spartans 
to send help to the Athenians. It was impossible, 
however, to do this at once, for they did not wish 
to transgress their custom. For it was the ninth 
day of the waxing moon, and they said that they 
would not go forth on the ninth day for that the 
disc of the moon was not full. So they awaited 
the full moon. . . . But after the full moon,^ two 
thousand of the Lacedaemonians came to Athens, in 
hot haste to be in time, so that they reached Attica 

» Herod., vi. 106. ^ Herod., vi. 120. 



MARATHON 87 



on the third day from Sparta. But though they 
had arrived after the colHsion, they desired never- 
theless to gaze upon the Medes. So going to Mara- 
thon, they gazed. Then, commending the Athenians 
and their work, they departed homeward." 

The fountain of Macaria mentioned by Pausanias 
is no longer to be found. Marathon had been the 
scene in mythical times of the brave deed of a 
woman who here offered her life that victory might 
be assured to Athens and that the race of Heracles 
might not perish. The Heraclidae of Euripides tells 
the story. The persecuted children of Heracles, 
fleeing from Eurystheus of Tiryns, reach Marathon, 
and beg protection of King Demophon, who now 
rules Attica as successor of his father Theseus. The 
king promises succour, and Eurystheus, seeing the 
prey about to escape, makes preparation for battle. 
An oracle declares that, as a condition of victory, 
a maiden, sprung of noblest stock, must be sacrificed 
to Demeter. Macaria, the eldest daughter of 
Heracles, surrenders herself to voluntary death. 
" Worthy of her father, worthy of her noble birth 
this deed hath been done. And if the death of the 
brave thou dost revere, I join with thee." ^ 

It was time to return to Athens. The day had 
been warm and bright, but in March there is always 
lEurip.: Heracl., 626. 



88 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

a sharp chill in the air when the sun begins to ap- 
proach the horizon. As we drew near Athens, 
the Acropolis rose clear against the glon' of the 
western sk}', and the hghts of the city shone forth 
one by one as we entered the suburbs. 



CHAPTER VI 

CORINTH 

From Eleusis to Corinth the scenery is very- 
beautiful. The railroad skirts the sea during nearly 
the whole of its course, often creeping along the 
edge of cliffs or crossing deep clefts in the rocks with 
the waves actually roaring beneath the train. 
Usually, however, this part of the Saronic Gulf is 
calm, and from the windows of the railway carriage 
one looks down through limpid blue-green to the 
clean sandy bottom far below. 

After leaving Eleusis the line runs round the 
spur of the Kerata, through a very extensive olive 
plantation which reaches more than half the way 
to Megara. On the left is still the Bay of Salamis, 
now widening, now narrowing so much that a good 
swimmer might easily cross to the Island. Over the 
southwestern point of Salamis one begins to see 
Aegina and the far off Argolic mountains, and 
presently the train reaches Megara. 

Megara was a Dorian town, and her enmity to 

Ionian Athens lasted almost unbroken through 

historic times. The final acquisition of Salamis 

89 



90 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

by Athens was something which Megara could not 
forgive; and the famous Megarian Decree of com- 
mercial non-intercourse was one of the inflaming 
events which led to the Peloponnesian War. Aris- 
tophanes in the Acharnians gives a horrible picture 
of the sufferings caused by the Decree to the inhabi- 
tants of Megara, and repeats the unpleasant tale 
of the personal affair which led to the promulgation 
of the ordinance. Apologists of Pericles deny ut- 
terly the culpability of the great statesman, and 
prefer to follow the account of Plutarch/ according 
to whom the decree was issued because the Megarians 
had appropriated to profane uses a part of the sacred 
Eleusinian territory. The situation was exasperated 
by the treatment of the ambassador Anthemocritus, 
who was put to death by the Megarians. In con- 
sequence of this outrage, Charinus brought in a 
** decree against them, that there should exist 
enmity without truce and without parley, and that 
whatever Megarian should set foot on Attic soil, 
should be punished with death; and that the 
generals, on swearing the ancestral oath, should vow 
in addition that twice each year they would invade 
the Megarid." The Megarians in Plutarch's time 
denied the execution of Anthemocritus, and claimed 
that the version of Aristophanes was the true one. 

Modern Megara is proud of its pure Hellenic blood 
in the midst of neighbours of Albanian stock. The 

iPlut.: Vit. Per., 30. 



CORINTH 91 



Easter Monday dances are famous, and the beauty 
of the maidens justifies the claim of pure descent. 
From Megara the land slopes towards the ancient 
seaport of Nisaea over against Salamis. Here is the 
Rock Aithyia where Pandion lies buried, and oppo- 
site is the Rock Minoa. The names call to mind 
many sad legends of these early kings of Attica and 
the Megarid. 

Pandion, driven from his home in Attica, took 
refuge here and married the daughter of King Pylas 
whom he succeeded. His sons recovered their 
paternal inheritance, and made division of the 
territory. The sad fate of his daughters belongs 
more properly to Dauha.^ The third son, Nisus, 
became King of Megara, and when Minos, King of 
Crete, made his famous invasion, Nisus was besieged 
in his citadel on the Rock since called Minoa. The 
king's beautiful daughter, Scylla, became enamoured 
of Minos, and, induced by love or perhaps by gold, 
betrayed her father to the invader. Now Nisus 
bore a charmed life. On his head there grew a 
lock of purple hair, and while that was safe, no harm 
could befall him. Scylla entered the chamber where 
he slept, and, after cutting off the purple lock, she 
presented it to Minos, who in scorn and loathing 
rejected her appeals and sailed away in his ships. 
Scylla in despair leaped into the sea, and strove to 
cHng to the ship of the departing Minos. But her 

^ See Chapter x. 



92 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

murdered father, changed into a sea eagle, appeared 
in pursuit, and Scylla was transformed into a strange 
new sea bird called Ciris.^ Some say it was Minos 
who flung her into the sea, and that her body, which 
was washed ashore on the Argohc coast, gave the 
name to the Scyllaean Promontory.^ 

The first hundred and fifty lines of the eighth 
book of Ovid's Metamorphoses give a beautiful 
version of the tale. Here is the brief account in the 
Choephoroe of Aeschylus, where the chorus of slave 
maidens in expressing detestation of the crime of 
Clytemnestra, recall similar instances of the dreadful 
deeds of passion done by women. 

*' Another ^ woman we in legend needs must loathe, 
Scylla the murderous. 
Who, by foes seduced, a dear one slew. 
By Cretan gold-wrought necklace tempted, — 
The Gift of Minos — and she severed 
The lock immortal from the head of Nisus, 
As in sleep he breathed unwitting — 
Dog hearted woman! 
But Hermes overtook her." 

After leaving Megara, the train begins to creep 
along the edge of the cUffs of Mount Geraneia. 

^ Ciris from Keipofxai, to cut the hair. 

2 This Scylla is sometimes wrongly confused with the mon- 
ster of the Straits of Messina. 
^Aesc: Cheoph., 603. 



CORINTH 93 



This mountain is said to have received its name from 
the Cranes.^ 

Megaros ^ was the son of Zeus and one of the 
Sithnid nymphs, whose stream supphed the fountain 
of Megara, adorned with buildings by the famous 
tyrant Theagenes — ** a fountain worth seeing for 
its adornment and the number of its columns." 

Now once upon a time it befell Megaros '^ to 
escape from the flood of Deucahon to the height 
of Geraneia — the mountain not yet having this 
name. But forasmuch as he swam, directing his 
course by the cry of flying Cranes; on this account 
the mountain was named Geraneia." 

We crossed a bridge over a chasm of the sea, and 
began to descend faster towards the low land of the 
Isthmus. This bridge is at the KaKrj "^KaXd, the 
Evil Staircase, which the ancients called the Sciron- 
ian Cliff. We were pursuing in reverse direction 
the famous course of Theseus, whose twelve labours 
vie with those of Heracles. While the Megarians 
state that Sciron was the first to build the road 
along the Saronic Gulf, the accepted myth repre- 
sents him as a cruel robber, who lived on the rocks 
of Megaris. He would compeP travellers to wash 
his feet, and while they were stooping to perform 
the task, he would kick them over the cliff in sheer 



^ Cranes, Vipavoi. 

2 Paus., i. 40. 1. 

3 Paus., i. 44. 8. 



94 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

glee. A monstrous tortoise, lurking at the foot of the 
rock, devoured the bodies. Theseus visited him 
with the same treatment he had so often bestowed 
on others. 

The Molurian Rocks are near those of Sciron. 
From them Ino leaped with her son Melicertes in 
her arms, and became the sea goddess Leucothea. 
Ino was daughter of Cadmus, and the second wife 
of Athamas. She ^ incurred the wrath of Hera for 
having nursed the infant Dionysus, her nephew. 
The goddess afflicted Athamas with homicidal 
madness directed against his own children. After 
seeing Learchus, her eldest boy, slain by his father, 
the frantic mother fled with Mehcertes, and leaped 
with him into the sea, where they became divinities 
propitious to mariners. The ^ handmaidens of Ino 
traced her steps as far as the edge of the Cliff. 
Guessing the fate of their mistress, they made loud 
complaint of the cruelty of Hera. The goddess 
heard their outcry, and resolved to make one more 
example of her savage power. The maiden who 
had loved her mistress best tried to leap into the 
sea, when lo, she found herself powerless to move. 
Others, essaying to beat their breasts or tear their 
hair, found their arms grown rigid in the act. Others 
again were changed into birds, who, to this day, 
may be seen dipping their wings as they skim along 

* Apollod., iii. 4. 3. 
2 Ovid: Met., iv. 542 ff. 



CORINTH 95 



the sea among the scattered rocks which once were 
living maidens. 

. Another account, given by Apollodorus/ repre- 
sents Ino as having plotted the death of Phrixos and 
Helle, children of Athamas by his first wife, Nephele. 
Pausanias tells us that Melicertes was conveyed to 
Corinth by a dolphin. Others say that his body 
was washed ashore there. At all events, the famous 
Isthmian games were instituted in his honour. The 
Scholiast on Pindar ^ says that " The Nereids once 
upon a time in their dance appeared before Sisy- 
phus,^ and bade him conduct the Isthmian festival 
in honour of Melicertes." 

" Sisyphus,* son of Aeolus, they bade, 
In honour of the boy to institute 
The prize of far renown for Melicertes perished.'* 

We meet the new sea-goddess in a well-known 
passage of the Odyssey: 

" Then ^ the daughter of Cadmus spied him, Ino 
of the neat ankle, Leucothea, who of yore had been 
a mortal of human speech, but now, in depths of 
Ocean, the gods have bestowed honour upon her. 
She beheld with compassion the storm-driven 
Odysseus in his anguish, and in likeness of a flying 

» Apollod., i. 9. 1. 2 igth. : Arg., i. 

^ King of Corinth, and uncle of Melicertes. 

* Pindar: Frag., i. 

^ Homer: Odyssey, v. 333 ff. ;^ 



96 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

gull she rose up from the sea. Then she seated 
herself on the raft, and spake words to him: ' Ill- 
fated one, wherefore hath Poseidon, Shaker-of- 
Earth, so sore afflicted thee with his wrath, in that 
he causeth for thee so many evils? Surely he shall 
not destroy thee, though he is greatly enangered 
against thee. But verily do thou act thus — for 
thou seemest to me not without wisdom — cast off 
thy garments, and leave thy raft to be carried by 
the winds, and, swimming with thy hands, strive 
to attain a haven on Phaeacian soil, where it is thy 
destiny to escape. Take then this veil, and spread 
it beneath thy breast. It is immortal, nor is there 
fear that evil or destruction befall it. When, 
therefore, thou shalt touch the land with thine 
arms, unbind the veil, and cast it again into the 
wine-faced sea, far from the land, and turn thyself 
backward.' When she had thus spoken, the goddess 
gave him the veil. Then she dove into the billowy 
sea, in likeness of a gull. And the dark waves 
covered her." 

The Chorus in the Medea of Euripides compares 
the cruel mother to the maddened Ino. 

Chorus: ^ " Unhappy one, of rock art thou or steel 
Thou that by murderous hand wilt slay 
The crop of children thou thyself didst bear? 

»Eurip.: Medea, 1279;: 



CORINTH 97 



'' Of one, one only have I heard 
In ancient story. 
Ino by gods distraught, 
What time the spouse of Zeus 
Drove her in wandering from her home afar. 

" For impious murder of her sons 
She f alleth — hapless one — her foot extending 
O'er ocean cliff into the raging main." • 

Simonides wrote an elegy on one wrecked on 
Geraneia and the Scironian Rocks. 

" Ill-omened ^ cliff, mist-clad, Geraneia, would that 

on Ister 
Or on the Scythian Don far thou directedst thy 

gaze. 
Nor that at hand were found the Scironian billow 

of ocean, 
Bane of the maddened dame, near the Molurian 

Crag.'' 

As we journeyed westward, further legends of 
the prowess of Theseus came back to us. We were 
near the haunts of the Sow of Crommyon and of the 
robber Sinis, who hurled his enemies into the sea 
as from a catapult by fastening them to a bended 
pine. Theseus visited Ijim with righteous retribu- 
tion by fastening him to his own pine. 

^ Simonides, 114 Bergk. 



98 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

The coast of Argolis drew near, and the calm sea 
was almost glassy in its smoothness. We could see 
the snow-topped mountains reflected on the surface 
which the wildest storms cannot reach. Then came 
the Isthmus, and beyond it the same untroubled 
waters till, far to the westward, the Gulf of Corinth 
expanded and the mirrored picture came to an 
3nd. 

Strabo ^ tells us that the eastern end of the Corin- 
thian Gulf was called the Halcyon Lake. No 
wonder the halcyon chose this spot for her nest on 

" The ^ mild ocean. 
Which now hath quite forgot to rave. 
While birds of calm sit brooding on the charmed 
wave.'* 

We recall the words of Alcman: 

" Would,^ ah, would I were a king fisher, 
Who, o'er the blossoming of the sea, 
With halcyons flitteth 
With heart enduring 
Sea-purple bird of the Spring! " 



1 Strabo, viii. 336. 

^ Milton's ode on the morning of Christ's nativity. 

^ Alcman, 36 Bergk. 



CORINTH 99 



Simonides sings of the halcyon: 

" As ^ when the fourteen days in winter month 

Zeus calmeth by his power; 
And men on earth have named the time 

The wind-forgotten hour — 
Her holy nursing season good 
Hath then the Halcyon many-hued.'' 

The Isthmus is now pierced by a canal, and the 
isle of Pelops is really an island at last. The under- 
taking was begun by Nero and abandoned after 
a considerable amount of work had been done. 
Near the western end, a quaint little relief of the 
emperor is cut in the cliff. 

The canal was finished in 1893, but is too narrow 
for the large Mediterranean steamers. 

A Delphic oracle runs as follows: 

" Wall ^ not the Isthmus nor dig; 
An Island had he wished it, Zeus had made.'' 

Our train crossed the canal on a bridge. To the 
westward, one of the most beautiful panoramas 
in the whole of Greece was unfolded. The towering 
Acrocorinthus rose full in view and behind it the 
loftier heights of the Peloponnesus. Beyond Chel- 

* Simonides, 12 Bergk. 

* Anthol., xiv. 81. 

UOFC 



100 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

mos, glorious Cyllene lifted his crown of snow; and 
across the Gulf were the still more famous heights 
of Cithaeron, Helicon, and — mightiest of all — 
Parnassus. The Gulf slept in the sheltering arms 
of these guardian giants, and reflected the daz- 
zUng white of their summits, as it was gradually 
dulled to the mournful gray of their sides, and at 
last to the stern red of their sea-washed feet. The 
repose of the scene is seldom broken. Occasionally 
the tiny sail of a fishing boat can be seen, more 
rarely a coastwise steamer; but often there is no 
sign whatever of human life upon the whole expanse. 
We left the train, and hastened through modern 
Corinth, which, save for the beauty of its situation, 
is in no wise noteworthy. The ancient city, too, 
until a few years ago, would have served only as a 
temporary resting place for those whose goal was 
the great fortress. Nothing was then visible except 
the venerable ruin of the Temple of Apollo, one of 
the oldest Doric temples in the world. Of late, 
however, the excavations conducted by the Ameri- 
can School have brought to light much that is of 
interest. The once magnificent buildings of the 
fountain of Pirene have been discovered, and many 
other ancient sites have been excavated. Nearly 
everything, however, is in such ruin that a feeling 
of bewilderment is unavoidable. Perhaps also a 
slight disappointment is felt that a city so brilliant 
in all worldly aspects should have perished so utterly. 



CORINTH 101 



Dire indeed was the work of pillage to which the 
rich and wicked city became a victim when Grecian 
freedom fell with her at last. 

The aged temple stands on high ground looking 
forth over the Corinthian Gulf. It is a very sad 
temple. When the rude soldiery of Mummius 
trampled underfoot all that was left of Hellenic 
independence and " The eye of Greece " was dark- 
ened, this venerable mother of temples had lived 
too long. 

" Where ^ is thy beauty renowned through the world, 
Oh Dorian Corinth? 

Where is thy battlement crown? Where thy pro- 
cessions of old? 

Where are thy fanes of the blest, thy palaces, where 
are thy Matrons, 

Sisyphus' daughters? Thy folk numbered by myr- 
iads once? 

Ill-fated one ! No trace, not one of thy glory is left 
thee. 

All in one moment consumed, war hath devoured 
the whole. 

Only the Nereid nymphs, the daughters immortal 
of ocean 

Still unharmed we survive. Halcyon birds of thy 

griefs." ^ 

* Anth., ix. 151 Antipater. 

2 Symonds' " Sketches and Studies of Italy and Greece " 
has a beautiful paraphrase of this lament. 



<< 



102 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 



We toiled up the steep slope of the Acrocorinthus, 
and at last reached the top and rested for our reward. 
The view was glorious. Not only can one gaze 
northward over the prospect we already know, 
but eastward spreads the Saronic with its islands, 
and far off on a clear day even the hill of Athens 
can be made out. South and west rise tier after 
tier of mountains, and at one's feet spreads the 
fertile plain running along the shore of the Gulf to 
ancient Sicyon. 

One of the finest stories in Plutarch is the account 
of the capture by Aratus of the Acrocorinthus. 

The ^ Acrocorinthus, a lofty mountain, growing 
up from the midst of Greece, when it is garrisoned, 
. . . renders its master supreme ... so that the 
younger Philip, not in joke but truly, called the 
citadel of the Corinthians * the Chains of Greece.' 
. . . Now the place had always been an object of 
contention to princes and potentates; and the 
eagerness of Antigonus for it fell short in no respect 
of the maddest of passions." Plutarch tells how 
Antigonus obtained the fortress by fraud, and 
prefaces his account of the recapture by reflections 
concerning the glory of the deed of Aratus as having 
been done in behalf of all Greece against a Mace- 
donian foe, whereas the exploits of Pelopidas and 
Thrasybulus — to which he compares it — were 
done against Greeks in behalf of other Greeks. 

^ Plutarch: Vit. Aratus, xiv. ff. 



CORINTH 103 



There follows an account of the scene at the Bankers' 
in Sicyon where the brothers who had stolen some 
of the king's gold came to deposit their booty. 
Aratus was a friend of the banker, who had learned 
from one of the brothers of the existence of a hidden 
weak spot in the fortifications of the citadel. An 
agreement was made by which for a large bribe 
one of the thieves was to lead Aratus to this spot. 
An accident nearly ruined the whole plan. Tech- 
non, the servant of Aratus, had been sent to make a 
preliminary examination of the place, and meeting 
one of the brothers who knew nothing of the plot, 
revealed to him his errand. This brother proved 
a traitor, and was about to deliver Technon to the 
authorities, when the right brother appeared, and 
instantly perceiving the situation, made a sign to 
Technon to flee. Technon leaped from the rock 
where he stood and escaped. Aratus, not daunted 
by this set-back to his plans, sent money to bribe 
the traitorous brother to silence, and having gained 
possession of his person, locked him in a dungeon 
for greater security. When all the preparations 
were complete, Aratus chose a band of four hundred 
followers who were ignorant of his purpose. 

'* It^ was midsummer and the time of the full 
moon. The night was cloudless, and the flashing 
of the weapons, reflecting the rays of the moon, 
caused fear that they might not elude the garrison. 

* Plutarch: Vit , Aratus, xxi. 



104 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

When, however, the leaders drew near, clouds ran 
up from the sea and covered the citadel itself and 
the region outside which became overshadowed." 
Bare-footed they climbed the ladders and slew the 
watchers at the wall. Plutarch describes the wild 
scene within the fortress ; the awakened citizens, the 
trumpets, the moving torches, and the hand-to-hand 
combat. In one place, Aratus found himself be- 
wildered in the dark windings among the rocks 
which had caused him to lose the road. Then the 
moon is said '' in wondrous wise " to have dispersed 
the clouds and pointed out to him the path. No 
sooner had he regained it, than clouds collected and 
the shadows covered all once more. Again the 
combat raged with varying fortunes, but at last 
the liberators held the height just as the " day 
was beginning to glow, and the sun shone upon the 
task accomplished." Then the main body of the 
troops of Aratus arrived from Sicyon and the royal 
garrison were made prisoners. Plutarch goes on 
to describe the scene in the theatre in the city below, 
where the people thronged to see the victor and to 
hear his words. " He ^ advanced from his tent into 
the midst, armed, and with his countenance altered 
by reason of weariness and sleeplessness, so that the 
joy and exultation of his soul seemed overcome by 
the languor which depressed his frame. But when 
the people at his approach poured themselves out in 
^ Plutarch: Vit. Aratus, xxiii. 



CORINTH 105 



congratulation, he took into his hand his spear, and 
leaning slightly upon it, he stood for a long time 
listening to their applause and shouts in praise of 
his valour and envy of his good fortune. And when 
they ceased, he collected himself, and delivered 
a speech in behalf of the Achaeans appropriate to his 
exploit, and bade the Corinthians adopt the Achaean 
cause as their own. Then he gave them the key of 
the gates now for the first time in their control since 
the times of Philip." 

The walls of the Acrocorinthus were built and 
rebuilt, captured and recaptured, many and many 
a time during the dark ages of Grecian thraldom, 
and in the war which brought freedom at last. 
Churches and dwellings cover the enclosure, but of 
these there is little left but ruin. We descended into 
a cavern and drank the waters of Pirene, which 
supplied — so we are told — the great fountain 
building in the city below. Like Hippocrene on 
Mount Hehcon, the fountain was created by the 
hoof of Pegasus who sprang hence to the sky. It 
was granted to Sisyphus for playing informer as is 
related in the annals of Aegina.^ 

As the sun declined we reluctantly descended and, 

* The account of the origin of Pirene as given by Pausanias 
in his chapter on Corinth is more poetical. Pirene was once 
a woman, but was changed to a fountain through weeping for 
her son, Cenchrias, who had been unintentionally slain by 
Artemis. 



106 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

pausing for farewell to the mournful temple in the 
ancient town, we mounted our carriage and drove 
to modern Corinth for the night. 



CHAPTER VII 

MYCENAE 

The road from Corinth to Nauplia took us quickly 
from the coast, winding round the Eastern end of 
the Acrocorinthus, and passing the little village 
of Hexamilia. This town was the scene of chari- 
table labours on the part of Dr. S. G. Howe, 
who here established a colony for the refugees who 
fled from Turkish cruelty in 1828. 

Far to the left we could see the Arachnaean heights, 
the last station of the famous beacon signal on its 
journey from Troy to proclaim to the watchers on 
the palace of Agamemnon that the city had fallen 
at last. 

Chorus: * " And how could tidings with such speed 

have come? " 
Clytemnestra: " Hephaestus sent from Ida his 

bright gleam; 
And, torch succeeding torch, the courier fire 
Sped hither — Ida to the Lemnian Crag 
Of Hermes flashed the tidings. From the Isle, 

1 Aeschylus: Ag., 271-302. 

107 



108 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Mount Athos caught the mighty beacon third. 

Then, rising high to overarch the sea, 

This joy-fraught strength of traveUing torch sped 

on, 
This pine knot, and like some gold-blazing sun 
To watch upon Macistus bore the gleam — 
Who loitered not overcome by heedless sleep, 
But passed his portion of the tidings on. 
The beacon's light to far Euripus came, 
And signalled to Messapium's guards the news. 
Answering the blaze, they urged the message on, 
KindUng with fire a heap of withered brush. 
In strength the glare with brightness still un- 

dimmed. 
Leaping across Asopus' Plain, as 'twere 
A shining moon, attained Cithaeron's crag, 
And waked new relay of the envoy-fire. 
Nor did the watch deny a far-sent beam, 
But kindled one yet greater than before. 
And over Lake Gorgopis darts the light 
And hastening on to Aegiplanctus' CHff, 
Urges that meed of fire be not delayed. 
KindUng with force ungrudged a mighty beard 
Of flame they light, and send to pass beyond 
The headland guarding the Saronic Strait 
With blaze unfailing — Then it came and lodged 
On Arachnaean steep, town-neighbouring heights. 
Then here on the Atridae's roof it rests. 
This light, true progeny of Ida's fire." 



MYCENAE 109 



We traversed the domain of Cleonae, the rival of 
Corinth in early days, and wound through rugged 
passes among desolate towering cliffs, one of which 
contains a cave which we are told was the lair of the 
dreadful Nemean Lion. One of the twelve labours 
of Heracles imposed on him by his oppressor Eurys- 
theus of Tiryns was to bring him the hide of the 
Lion of Nemea. 

" Now ^ this was an invulnerable monster be- 
gotten of Typhon. On his journey then in search 
of the lion, he came to Cleonae, and was entertained 
by the craftsman Molorchus. And when the latter 
would fain have offered a victim in sacrifice [Hera- 
cles] bade him wait till the thirtieth day; and if he 
should return safe from the hunt, to sacrifice to 
Zeus the Deliverer; but if he should perish, then 
to sanctify the victim to him as a hero. And having 
come to Nemea and sought out the lion, he first shot 
at it with arrows. But when he perceived that the 
beast was invulnerable, he lifted up his club and 
gave chase. And when the lion fled into a cave 
with two mouths, Heracles blocked up one entrance, 
and through the other he entered in pursuit of the 
beast, and throwing his arm around its throat, 
held squeezing fast until he choked it. Then he 
threw it across his shoulders, and fetched it to 
Cleonae. And finding Molorchus on the last of the 
days on the point of consecrating the sacrificial 

1 Apollod., ii. 5. 1 ff. 



110 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

victim to him as dead, he offered sacrifice instead to 
Zeus the Deliverer, and carried the lion to My- 
cenae." Apollodorus tells us further that the 
famous club was cut in these very woods. 

Pindar ^ speaks of " deep-soiled Nemea; " but the 
character of the country to-day is indeed changed, 
and the *' deep soil " has been washed away by the 
storms of the ages. There is scarcely a human 
habitation to be seen. Here and there a patch of 
green offers scanty pasture to a herd of goats. It 
is a lonely land, not however without a certain 
harsh beauty, and the wild flowers and the laughing 
river whose course we follow lend cheerfulness to the 
scene. The Nemean Games took place at a spot 
some twelve miles to the westward of our road, 
but we had not time to turn aside for a visit to 
the remains of the ancient temple, stadium and 
theatre. 

From Nemea the road descended and of a sudden 
a glorious prospect unfolded itself. Far across the 
plain of " thirsty Argos," sparkled the Gulf of 
NaupUa. On the right we could see the snowy 
tops of the Laconian Mountains, and on the left the 
Argohd peaks, their foot hills running out in a 
peninsula whereon we could just discern the fortified 
promontory which was Nauplia. The white houses 
of Argos were visible opposite Nauplia, in the south 
western corner of the plain. Near at hand upon our 

^ Pindar: Nem., iii. 18. 



MYCENAE 111 



left two mountains formed a sharp angle in which 
rose the citadel of Mycenae. 

" Mycenae rich in gold ... in the inner heart of 
horse-nurturing Argos," Homer calls it; and a visit 
to the national museum at Athens, where its treas- 
ures are preserved, convinces the traveller that the 
epithet is well deserved. We were in the land of the 
awful tragedies of the house of Pelops. Argos and 
Mycenae and Tiryns have become so blended in the 
stories told by the great poets, that it is not easy 
to assign each legend to its proper scene. 

We climbed the long hill leading from the plain 
to the gate of the ancient city, and paused for a 
while to visit the wonderful " Bee Hive tomb " 
called the '' Treasury of Atreus." The slope con- 
tains many such tombs, but this is far the finest. Yet 
we are not to believe that the royal family had their 
burial here, but rather that they may probably have 
been tenants of the graves assigned them by Schlie- 
mann in the acropolis itself. 

Over the gate of the citadel which we approached 
after a turn in the road are the great lions. They 
stand in heraldic fashion on either side of a column 
in rehef half facing the spectator. The heads 
have disappeared, but the splendid animals guard 
the citadel gate in lordly fashion still. We passed 
under the gigantic lintel, and found ourselves at 
the entrance of the strange enclosure where the 
unhappy royal family obtained rest at last. 



112 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

We climbed some ancient steps and tried to de- 
cipher the puzzle of the palace ruins. These shat- 
tered walls have witnessed terrible scenes. We 
recalled the horrid banquet of the children of Thy- 
estes, the unholy revels of the queen while her lord 
was far away in Troy, and she, after weary waiting 
and long angry grief for her sacrificed Iphigenia, had 
consoled herself in the unhallowed love of Aegisthus, 
her husband's deadhest foe. The women's apart- 
ments too reminded us of the sad neglected life 
of the princess Electra, after she had sent her little 
brother to be brought up far away from the dangers 
at home. In front of the palace we seemed to Usten 
to the eager discussions of the elders of the town 
as they passed from mouth to mouth the news, which 
the torch from Ida had conveyed, that Troy had 
fallen. And we could hear their words of grief not 
unmingled with mutterings of resentment. 

Chorus: " For ^ those who departed 

From the Grecian land together 
Grief in the heart enduring 
In the home of each is seen. 

Ay! There be many things that touch the heart! 

" For those whom one sent forth 
He well remembereth — 
No living men but urns and ashes 
To the home of each return — 
* Aeschylus: Ag., 418-444. Chorus. 



MYCENAE 113 



" Ares, Gold-Broker of men's bodies, 
Scale-Holder in the conflict of the spear, 
Sendeth from Ilium to loved ones 
Fire-blackened dust and grievous — 

For bitter weeping. 
Packing the vessels close with dust 
Instead of living men. 

" And thus they mourn: — 
Praising one hero, how in battle skilled; 
A second fallen glorious in fight, 
All for another's wife. 

" And silently they mutter other things, 
And grief, with ill-will mingled. 
Stealthily creepeth in their hearts against 
The champion Atridae. 

" But ah, those others yonder lie 
In all their loveUness beneath the walls. 
In tombs on Ilian soil. 
The foeman's earth hath covered them." 

We picture to ourselves the triumphant return of 
the king, and the proud crimson spread for him 
to tread as he alights from his chariot. 

Clytemnestra: ^ " But now, beloved life, I pray 
descend 
^Aesc: Ag., 878 £f. 



114 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

From this thy car, Oh King, nor set thy foot, 
Sacker of Ilium, on the common earth. 
Slaves! Wherefore loiter, unto whom to strew 
The path with tapestries hath been ordained? 
Straightway a road of purple be prepared 
That Justice lead him to unhoped-for home." 



Agamemnon: " Nay, do not pamper me in woman's 

wise. 
Nor, like barbarian, prone obeisance gape. 
Nor spread with garments envy-breeding way. 
For gods alone such worship be reserved! 
But for a mortal on embroidered gauds 
To tread, to me is no wise free from fear. 
As man I bid ye greet me, not as God. 
Apart from footmats and from needlework 
My fame proclaimeth me. A righteous mind 
Is Heaven's best gift; and him alone deem blest, 
His days who endeth in prosperity. 
If thus I ever fare, no dread is mine." 
Clytemnestra: " Nay, say not thus, opposing will of 

mine." 
Agamemnon: " Know, this opinion I will ne'er 

unsay." 
Clytemnestra: " 'Twas fear that made thee vow 

thou thus wouldst do." 
Agamemnon: '' Yea, if a vow with knowledge e'er 

was made." 



MYCENAE 115 



Clytemnestra: " And how had Priam done if victor 

he?" 
Agamemnon: " Indeed on broidered garments he 

had trod! " 
Clytemnestra: " Then fear not blame from any 

human tongue.'' 



Agamemnon: "Well, if thou'lt have it so, let some- 
one loose 
With haste my sandals, servants of my feet. 
And as I tread these ocean-crimsoned dyes. 
May eye of Envy strike not from afar. 
For I am loath with garment-spoiling feet. 
This wealth of silver-purchased web to waste. 



But since thou hast prevailed on me to hear, 
Treading on purple I approach these halls.'' 

We seem to hear the shrieks of the shrinking 
Cassandra, who lifts her eyes and sees the horrid 
vision of the murdered infants. 

Cassandra: ^ " Apollo, Apollo, God of Ways, De- 
stroyer! 
Ah whither hast thou led me, to what halls? 

^Aesc: Ag., 1052 ff. 



116 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Hated of Heaven indeed, conscious of many a crime, 

Domestic murder and the deadly noose. 

Shambles of human blood, sprinkled upon the 

ground." 
Chorus: " Keen-scented doth the stranger seem, 

hke hound 
She tracketh blood of those she too shall find.'* 
Cassandra: " Alas! Alas! 

Yonder my witnesses, thence my conviction drawn! 
Yon infants, wailing loud their massacre; 
Wailing the roasted flesh by their own sire de- 
voured! " 
Chorus: " In truth thy fame prophetic we had 

heard, 
But at this hour we seek no prophets here." 
Cassandra: "Alas ! ah me ! what can be planning now? 
What this fresh deed of woe? 
A mighty crime is plotting in these halls, 
Unbearable to friends, incurable, 
And help is far away." 
Chorus: " Of these thy warnings, I am all unskilled 
But those I knew. The town doth speak of them." 
Cassandra: " Ah! wretched woman, wilt thou do 
this deed? 

The husband of thy bed 
Washed in the bath — 
How shall I speak the end? 
With speed this deed shall be; and after hand 
The hand outstretcheth." 



MYCENAE 117 



Chorus: " I understand not; after riddles now 

I am bewildered by thy warnings dark.'' 
Cassandra: " Woe! Woe! Alas! Alas! What is 
yon sight I see? 

Surely some net of Hell! 
Ah! but the snare is She, wife of his wedded couch, 
Sharing the guilt of his death. — Now let the Fury 

band 
Shriek o'er the hated race for a victim by stoning 

slain! " 
Chorus: " What Fury this thou biddest o'er this 

house 
To raise the shout? Thy words no joy portend. 
But to my heart hath fled 
The blood-drop, crocus-dyed, 
Blood, that in death distilled its course doth end 

With the rays of sinking life." 
Cassandra: " Woe! Woe! Behold! Behold! 
Keep from the cow the bull! 
Lo, in a robe she hath caught 
And with black horn smiteth him, 
Yea, and he falleth down 
In the bath with water filled. 
I tell thee the vessel's tale, the vessel of treason and 

death." 
Chorus: " Of oracles I boast not to be skilled 
But to some horror I must liken this — 
Ah! but from Oracles 
Tidings of good to men, 



118 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

When they are sent? For lo, 

Only through woes these arts. 

Uttered with many words, god-spoken terror bring." 

Cassandra: " Woe's me! Ill fated lot of me, the 

wretched ! 
Of my own doom thou speakest further now — 
Ah! whither hast thou led me, the unhappy? 
For naught but that I die with him. How else? " 
Chorus: " Thou art some frenzied one, possessed of 
Heaven, 

And of thyself thou singest 
A strain that is no strain, 
As the brown-bright nightingale, 
Insatiate of lament. 
In her heart unhappy ever. 
Her Itys, Itys, waiHng — 
i' Her Ufe so rich in sorrow." 
Cassandm: " Alas! Alas! — Fate of the clear- voiced 
nightingale! 

For lo, to her the gods 
A winged form have given. 
And life of sweetness, free from true lamenting; 
But ah! for me awaiteth 
Cleaving with sword two-edged." 
Chorus: " Whence these vain heaven sent pangs 
Upon thee hastening? 
And with cry ill omened. 
Thou fashionest a note of fear, 
Mingled with shrill-pitched strains. 



MYCENAE 119 



Whence hast thou learned these limits of the path 

Of heavenly speech ill-uttered? " 
Cassandra: " Woe for the bridal, the bridal 
Of Paris, the bale of dear ones. 
Alas Scamander's stream ancestral! 
There was I nurtured, luckless one, 
Beside thy banks. 
But now beside Cocytus 
And shores of Acheron, 
I soon methinks shall utter prophecy." 
Chorus: " What is this word thou speakegt all too 
plain? 

Even a child might understand. 
And 'neath my heart a bleeding bite hath 
smitten. 

As thou bemoanest plaintively 
Thy grievous destiny — 
Marvels for me to hear! " 
Cassandra: " Woe for the sorrows, the sorrows 
Of my city all undone! 
Ah, sacrifices offered by my sire 
To save our walls, and slaughterings of sheep! 

But remedy they brought not 
But that my country fall as e'en she fell. 
But I with frenzied heart will soon 
Fling me upon the ground! " 
Chorus: " Consistent with thy former words 
These thou hast uttered now. 
And some ill-willing demon from above 



120 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Heavily falling on thee, causeth thee 
To sing these lamentable death-fraught strains. 

But for the end I am perplexed." 
Cassandra: " The word no longer then shall from a 

veil 
Peep forth, in fashion of a bride new wed, 
But blowing clear against the rising sun 
Shall come, and like a billow it shall dash 
Against his beams, far greater than the woes 
It told before. No more in riddles now! 
And bear me witness, as I run along 
Scenting the track of ill wrought long ago. 
For never shall the troop desert these halls, 
Of horrors, chanting harmony unblest; 
And having drunken, and become more bold. 
Of human blood, within the house shall bide 
The band of Furies, home-bred, unexpelled. — 
And, seated in the house, shall hymn their strain 
Of primal horror, and in turn they loathe 
The brother's couch defiled and him who sinned. — 
Hath my shaft missqd? Or hath the archer sped? 
Or am I prophet false and beggar vain? 
Bear witness swearing, by no mere report 
I know the ancient horrors of the house. 

Cassandra: "Woe! Woe! Alas! the horrors! 
Once more the labour of true prophecy 
Stingeth with dread disturbing prelude-chant. 
Behold yon infants seated in the halls 



MYCENAE 121 



Like in their shapes to forms beheld in dreams! 

Those children, as it were by dear ones slain, 

Their hands with kindred food of their own flesh 

Filled, and the entrails — burden pitiful! — 

Which their own sire did taste — behold them there! 

Vengeance for this I say one plotteth now, 

Cowardly lion, dallying in the couch. 

Home keeping — woe is me, — against my lord 

Returning, mine, for yoke of slave I bear. 

The lord of ships, the conqueror of Troy 

Naught knoweth what the tongue of the foul dog 

Speaking in flattering words, with joyous mien, 

Like lurking hell, shall cause in dark event. 

Such is her daring. Of the man the woman 

Is slayer foul — then calling her what name 

Of hateful beast, might I attain the mark? 

Some basilisk or Scylla, 'mid the rocks 

Lurking, destruction to the seafarer? 

Hell's raging mother, breathing truceless curse 

Upon the house? And how she raised the cry 

Of joy, — audacious — as at turn of fight! 

Feigning delight her lord was safe returned. 

These things I care not if thou dost believe. 

The future cometh. Soon lamenting thou 

Too true a prophet shalt pronounce me then." 

Chorus: " Thyestes' feast of flesh of children slain 

I recognize with horror, and I fear 

Things heard in truth nor by similitude. 

But for the rest I wander from the track." 



122 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Cassandra: " King Agamemnon murdered thou 

shalt see! " 
Chorus: " Unhappy woman! Hush ill-omened 

tongue! " 
Cassandra: " No Healing-god presideth o'er this 

word." 
Chorics: " If ill befall — but may it ne'er betide! " 
Cassandra: " Thou prayest. They the deed of death 

prepare." 
Chorits: " What man commit teth such a deed of 

woe? " 
Cassandra: " Surely my imprecations thou hast 

missed." 
Chorus: *' The doer's scheme I fail to comprehend." 
Cassandra: '^ Yet I too weU have learned the Hellene 

tongue." 
Chorum: " Yea, and the Pythian oracles obscure." 
Cassandra: ^' Alas the fire! It cometh on again! 
Apollo, King Lycaean, woe is me! 
Yonder two footed Honess, with wolf 
Paired, in the absence of the Hon kingly, 
Will slay me wretched one, and as a drug 
MingUng, she boasted in the cup of wrath 
To fling for me the quittance, while the sword 
She sharpeneth for her husband, paying thus 
Murder for me whom he hath carried off. 
Why then these trappings keep of mockery 
Staff and prophetic garlands on my neck? 
You first, ere my own death, I will destroy. 



MYCENAE 123 



Go to perdition flung — I follow soon. 

Enrich some other Fury in my place. 

Behold Apollo stripping me himself 

Of robe prophetic, looking on in scorn 

On me in these adornments greatly mocked, 

By friends, by foes, too plainly without cause. 



Yet not dishonoured of the gods I die. 

Another champion of my cause shall come, 

By mother's death a father to avenge — 

Though now a wandering exile from this land, 

Stranger afar, he cometh, for his friends 

To place the cap-stone on these deeds of woe. 

For mighty is the oath the gods have sworn. 

His murdered father's fall shall bring him home. 

Why then do I make piteous lament 

When once I have beheld my Ilium 

Faring as she hath fared — and those who took 

Requited thus by judgment of the gods? 

I go to meet my fate, will dare to die. 

But yonder gates of Hades I address. 

And pray I may receive a fatal blow. 

That free from struggle, life-blood ebbing fast. 

In death at last I close mine eyes to rest." 

Chorus: " Woman of many sorrows, wise in much, 

Long hast thou stretched the tale, but if in truth 

Thy doom thou knowest, why Hke god-sped ox 

Dost thou so bravely to the altar tread? " 



124 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Cassandra: " Escape, oh strangers, can no longer 

be." 
Chorus: " Yet is the last in time the gainer held." 
Cassandra: " My day is come. I little gain by 

flight." 
Chorus: " Know thou art brave and of enduring 

soul." 
Cassandra: " The happy never hear such words of 

praise." 
Chorum: " Yet to die nobly is esteemed a boon." 
Cassandra: ** Alas my father and thy noble race! " 
Chorus: " Nay what is this? What dread doth turn 

thee back? " 
Cassandra: " Woe! Woe! " 

Chorum: " Why criest thus? Some hateful phan- 
tasy? " 
Cassandra: " Blood-dripping massacre these halls 

breathe forth." 
Chorum: " Nay, of domestic sacrifice it smelleth." 
Cassandra: " Behold a vapour, like as from the 

tomb." 
Chorus: " No Syrian decking of the house thou 

namest." 
Cassandra: " I go, and in the halls will shriek my 

doom 
And Agamemnon's — Now enough of life! 

Alas! oh strangers! 
Not idly as a bird doth dread the bush, 
I shrink — Bear witness after I am gone, 



MYCENAE 125 



When woman shall for me a woman fall, 

And man, in recompense for man ill-wed. 

I claim this boon as one about to die." 

Chorus: '^ Unhappy one, I pity this thy doom.'' 

Cassandra: ^' One word I fain would add, not mine 

own dirge; 
But this last ray of sunlight I invoke. 
That my avengers in full measure pay 
Requital on my slaughterers abhorred, 
For murdered slave — an easy victory! 
Ah mortal fortunes ! If they happy be. 
Like to a shadow they ! But be they ill, 
A wetted sponge doth blot the picture out. 
And these I pity far more than the rest." 

« 
Here is the chamber where the fatal bath was 

prepared; there the palace doorway where the 

exultant queen boasted of her victory and showed 

her murdered lord to the angry people. 

Clytemnestra: " I ^ stand where I did strike — 

The deed is done. 
And so I wrought, this will I not deny. 
That neither could he flee nor fend his doom. 
A net with outlet none, as 'twere for fish, 
I cast about him, fatal wealth of robe. 
And struck him twice — and straightway with two 

groans 

^ Aeschylus: Ag., 1530, 



126 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

His limbs relaxed, and prostrate as he lay, 

To fill the tale of blows, I struck a third, 

To Saviour Zeus below a votive boon. 

Falhng, he panted thus his hfe away, 

And, gasping forth sharp jet of blood, he cast 

On me a torrent dark of sanguine dew. 

And I rejoiced no less than planted field 

At earing-time, in wealth from heaven poured — 

Thus matters stand, Oh Argive deputies. 

Ye may rejoice or not, but I exult. 

And if 'twere seemly on a corpse to pour 

Libation, I had more than justly poured — 

Such bowl of cursings in this house this man 

Filled, and himself on his return hath drunk.'* 

Clytemnestra: " . . . At ^ my hand he fell, 

I too will bury him; 
But not with lamentations from the halls attending. 
Iphigenia his daughter, as is meet. 
With welcome shall her father greet. 
By the swift stream descending 
To world of woe; 
And round him in embrace 
Her arms shall throw." 

Chorus: " Lo, chiding new for chiding in rebuttal: 
But hard the cause to judicate. 

^Aeschylus: Ag., 1530. 



MYCENAE 127 



Spoiled is the spoiler, and the slayer payeth. 
Abideth fixed, while Zeus is on his throne. 
The doer suffer — Such the law of Fate." 

Here too is the spot where in after time her own 
son Orestes plunged his sword into the breast she 
held toward him in despairing supplication. 

Clytemnestra: " Ah ^ me! Thy riddle I too well can 

read. 
I fall by treason, as in truth I slew. 
Let some one quickly bring a murderous ax! 
I'll know if victor or if vanquished I. 
For to this pitch of evil I am come.'* 
Orestes: '^ Thee, thee, I seek. Thy partner hath 

enough." 
Clytemnestra: " Alas! Aegisthus dearest, art thou 

dead? " 
Orestes: " Thou lov'st the fellow? Therefore in one 

tomb 
Thou'lt lie, and never him in death forsake." 
Clytemnestra: " Hold! child of mine, and reverence 

this breast. 
At which thou hast, in infant slumber, oft 
Sucked with thy gums the milk that nourished 

thee." 
Orestes: " Oh Pylades! Dare I my mother slay? " 
Pylades: " Where else the Oracles of Loxias 
^Aesc: Choeph., 873 £f. 



128 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Uttered at Pytho? And the pledges sure? 

Hold all men hostile rather than the gods." 

Orestes: " I judge thee victor, and thy counsel best. 

Follow, I'd slay thee close to yonder wretch. 

In hfe thou deem'dst him dearer than my sire — 

Now sleep beside him dead, since thou dost love 

This fellow, and dost hate whom thou shouldst 

love." 
Clytemnestra: ^' I nursed thee, and with thee would 

pass mine age." 
Orestes: '' My father's murderess! Thou to dwell 

with me? " 
Clytemnestra: '' 'Twas fate, my son, that shared 

the guilt of this." 
Orestes: " Thy death as well 'tis fate hath brought 

to pass." 
Clytemnestra: " Dost thou not dread a mother's 

curse, my child? " 
Orestes: " Nay, for my mother cast me off to griefs." 
Clytemnestra: "Nay, not cast off; to friendly home 

it was." 
Orestes: *' Of free born father, I was doubly sold." 
Clytemnestra: " Where then the price which I re- 
ceived for thee? " 
Orestes: " I blush to speak thy shame thus openly." 
Clytemnestra: '' Nay, of thy father's guilty deeds 

speak too! " 
Orestes: " Safe in the house, chide not the toiler 

thou." 



MYCENAE 129 



Clytemnestra: '' 'Tis hard for wife when severed 

from her spouse." 
Orestes: *' The toil of spouse doth feed the wife at 

home." 
Clytemnestra: " So thou, my child, wilt slay thy 

mother then? " 
Orestes: " 'Tis thou thyself, not I, thyself wilt 

slay." 
Clytemnestra: " Look well! Beware a mother's 

angry hounds! " 
Orestes: " How, if remiss, my father's can I 

'scape? " 
Clytemnestra: " I, living, to a tomb * bewail in 

vain." 
Orestes: " Yea, for my father's death hath sent this 

doom." 
Clytemnestra: " Ah me! This serpent I have borne 

and nursed! " 
Orestes: " True prophet was thy terror from the 

dream 
Thou slewest whom thou should'st not! Bear thy 

fate!" 

From these doors a mother's furies pursued the 
matricide, until in holy Athens they were appeased 
at last, and the curse of Tantalus was lifted from 
the fifth generation. Indeed the sins of the fathers 
have been visited on their children. For so it is 

^ Tomb. One deaf to entreaty is often called a tomb. tiJ/h/Soj. 



130 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

to-day as in days of old, that great prosperity 
uplifts the heart of man and of nation, till insolent 
wealth begets Satiety, parent of Deed of Outrage, 
which brings forth fresh crime, prolonging the 
curse to generations yet unborn. 

" An ^ ancient saw told long ago 

Is current among mortals, 
When man's prosperity is waxen great, 
It gendereth offspring, nor childless dieth, 
And from success upspringeth 
Sorrow insatiate for his race. 

" Single my mind apart from others, for the impious 
deed 

Begetteth more in likeness of their stock; 
While if the house be righteous. 
Fate aye bestoweth goodly progeny. 

" But ancient Outrage, soon or late. 
Is wont to get young Outrage, 
Wantoning in men's woes, when time is ripe — 
She breedeth swollen Surfeit and that demon 
None can o'erthrow in fight, none war upon: 
Audacity Unholy — 
Black pair of horrors in the halls. 

Like to their ancestry. 
But Justice shineth in the smoky hovel 

^Aeschylus: Ag., 727-754. 



MYCENAE 131 



And honoureth the righteous life 
While gilded halls where hands are foul 

Leaving with eyes averted, 
She visiteth the holy, 
Respecting not the power of wealth 

False stamped with vulgar praise. 

And all she swayeth to the end." 



CHAPTER VIII 

THE ARGOLID AND NAUPLIA 

Our imagination was sated with horrors, and it 
was a relief to descend to the bright plain, and 
follow the course of the Inachus beside which 
lo used to play, till it sweeps past Argos to the 
sea. 

lo: ^ " For nightly visions ever visiting 

My maiden chamber, wooed me with soft words: 

' Oh damsel greatly blest, why thus so long 

Unmated, while 'tis given thee to gain 

Bridal most high? For Zeus, with shaft of love 

For thee inflamed, would fain thy favours win. 

But thou, oh child, spurn not the couch of 

Zeus; 
But hie thee forth to Lerna's deep-soiled mead, 
To pastures of thy father's flocks and herds. 
That so the eye of Zeus be soothed from longing. 
By dreams like these, each night was I beset, 
Unhappy maid, until I dared at last 
Confess the night-seen visions to my sire." 

1 Aeschylus: Prom., 663-675. 

132 



THE ARGOLID AND NAUPLIA 133 

Time compelled us to leave the temple of Hera 
unvisited. It lies at some distance to the eastward 
of our road, and has in recent years been the scene 
of successful excavations made by American 
archaeologists. The Heraeum was one of the oldest 
sanctuaries of Greece. A scarab of Thothmes III 
has been found among its ruins, and the temple 
registers furnished a system of dating older than 
the reckoning by Olympiads. Here the Greeks 
acknowledged Agamemnon as commander in chief 
of the expedition to Troy, and the great Goddess 
never failed in loyal zeal for the success of the Grecian 
arms. 

The most interesting story connected with the 
Heraeum is the one told by Herodotus. 

When Solon was at the court of the Lydian king, 
Croesus, the king, after showing him his possessions, 
asked him who was the happiest man whom he had 
ever seen. When Solon replied that it was Tellos 
the Athenian, who had died for his country, the 
disappointed king " asked ^ him further who was 
the second happiest whom he had seen, next after 
Tellos — expecting of course that he himself was 
surely to win second honours, Solon however 
answered * Cleobis and Biton,' for these, being of 
Argive stock, possessed sufficient means of sub- 
sistence, and in addition to this, enjoyed strength 
of body, such as I shall relate. Both ahke had been 

* Herodotus., i. 31. 



134 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

prize-winners in the games, and the following story- 
is told of them: When the Argives were celebrating 
a festival of Hera, it became quite necessary that 
their mother ^ be conveyed to the temple on a wagon. 
Now their oxen had not returned from the fields in 
season. The youths, therefore, constrained by the 
shortness of the time, put on the yoke and drew 
the wagon themselves, while their mother rode 
thereon. And after they had drawn her forty-five 
stades,^ they reached the temple. Now when they 
had done this, and had been seen by the assembly 
of worshippers, a most glorious ending of fife came 
upon them; and the god showed thereby that it 
was a better thing for a man to die than to five. 
For the Argive men thronged about them, congratu- 
lating the young men for their strength; while the 
Argive women congratulated the mother who had 
been blest with such sons. And the mother, over- 
joyed at the deed and the praise of it, stood facing 
the image of the goddess, and prayed that the 
goddess would grant to Cleobis and Biton, her sons, 
who had so greatly honoured her, that boon which 
is most blessed for a man to obtain. And after this 
prayer, when they had feasted and made merry, 
the young men slept in the temple, and waked not 
again, but met with this end of fife." 



^ Cydippe, priestess of the Heraeum. 
^ From the city of Argos. 



THE ARGOLID AND NAUPLIA 135 

" Not ^ false this tale, but eminent for truth — 
The holy piety of Cydippe's sons: 
For sweet and joyful was the mark attained — 
Death in life's Springtime — by the hero pair. 
Since for their mother's love they took on them 
The heavy burden of a task renowned. 
Hail 'mid the dead, famed for your piety! 
Through ages be this glory yours alone." 

The Heraeum was the scene of the well known 
tale of the philosopher Pythagoras and the shield of 
Euphorbus. Menelaus, after his return from Troy, 
dedicated in this temple the captured shield of 
Euphorbus, whom he had killed. In later years, 
Pythagoras entered the temple and selected this 
shield at once from the many votive shields hung 
on the walls. It proved to have the name of Eu- 
phorbus upon it. Now Pythagoras in teaching the 
doctrine of metempsychosis had always claimed to 
be a reincarnation of Euphorbus, and he announced 
that he had established the claim by his success in 
picking out the right shield. 

Argos is famihar to us from childhood as the birth- 
place of Perseus. Hawthorne tells the story in his 
deUghtful Tanglewood Tales. The king Acrisius 
placed his daughter Danae and her little son in a 
chest, and committed them to the waves of the 

»Anth. Pal., iii. 18. 



136 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Nauplian Gulf. The beautiful poem of Simonides 
was in our mind: 

" When ^ in the richly inlaid chest she lay 
Tossed by the blowing wind and sea upheaved, 
Then on her wetted cheeks pale terror stole; 
And round her Perseus her protecting arm 
She cast and spake: * Ah child, what sorrow I 
Must bear for thee, whilst thou the flower of sleep 
Dost cull, and in thy calm oblivion still. 
In joyless bronze-clamped chest thou Hest nestling, 
Wrapped in a rayless night and darksome gloom. 
The deep brine sweeping o'er thy tender locks, 
The passing wave, thou heedest not, nor voice 
Of winds, but, in thy crimson blanket wrapped. 
Thou still dost press thy face against my face. 
But if the fear to thee were fear indeed. 
Thou to my words wouldst lend thy tiny ear. 
But nay, I bid thee still sleep on, my child. 
And sleep the sea, and sleep our cruel woe! 
And oh, from thee may some blest change appear, 
Oh Father Zeus! — And if apart from right, 
Or overbold my prayer, oh pardon me." 

A short fragment from the lost Acrisius of Sopho- 
cles gives us a glimpse of the proud princess when 
her fault has become known to her cruel father: 

^ Simonides, 37 Bergk. 



THE ARGOLID AND NAUPLIA 137 

" Brief ^ speech beseemeth those whose thoughts are 

pure, 
In answer to a parent; more than all 
When one is of the Argive stock, a maid, 
Whose ornament is silence and few words." 

Another fragment from a lost drama — the 
Danae of Euripides — depicts the intense maternal 
affection of the heroine: 

" My 2 women, dear is light of yonder sun, 
And fair to see the windless ocean flood, 
The vernal bloom of Earth, the wealth of streams — 
Of many blessings I might sing the praise. 
But naught so bright nor goodly to behold 
Exists as when to childless ones, whose hearts 
Are gnawed by longing, is' vouchsafed at last 
To see the light of infants in their homes." 

There was little to detain us in Argos except the 
fine ancient theatre, and we took our way through 
the streets of the typical modern Greek town, and 
hurried on to Tiryns.^ Archaeologists consider this 
the best spot in Greece for studying the arrange- 
ments of a fortified palace of Homeric times. The 
famous galleries served in the War of Independence 

^Soph.: Frag., 61. 

2 Eurip.: Frag., 318. 

3 The ancient city fortified, we are told, by Perseus and the 
Lycian Cyclopes. 



138 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

to give shelter to fugitives from the Turkish soldiery. 
Their exact purpose in ancient times is a matter of 
controversy to the learned. The guide of to-day 
tells the traveller that they are a favourite haunt 
for sheep and goats, and that it is by the innocent 
agency of these, that the grim gallery walls have been 
worn to a mirror-hke smoothness. The cruel Eu- 
rystheus was king of Tiryns in days of old, and it 
was at his bidding and the divine behest of Hera 
that Heracles was compelled to go up and down 
Greece performing his twelve labours, and freeing 
the land from the monsters that were its plague. 
The slaying of the Lernaean Hydra is held by those 
who rationalize the myth to contain a tale of the 
draining of the marsh of Lerna which had rendered 
the town of Argos unhealthy. 

At nightfall we reached Nauplia — Napoli di 
Romania, as it was often called in the early part 
of the nineteenth century. Certainly the Bay of 
Nauplia is in the opinion of many more beautiful 
than the great Bay of Naples itself. Many traces of 
Frankish and Venetian occupation remain in gates 
and fortifications, and even in a few palaces with 
coats of arms emblazoned on the walls. 

The town was named for Nauplios, son of Poseidon, 
famous for the vengeance he took on the Greek 
fleet as it approached the Euboean Promontory 
on the return from Troy. The story is contained 
in SchoHa on the Dramatists and in fragments of 



THE ARGOLID AND NAUPLIA 139 

lost plays. Palamedes and Oeax were sons of Nau- 
plios. The former was a clever inventor. To him 
were ascribed, among other inventions, the games 
of draughts and dice, the building of the first light- 
houses, and the art of writing on tablets. Once, 
when during the siege of Troy the Greeks were dis- 
heartened by a famine and by the discomforts of 
their endless task, Palamedes cheered them by the 
introduction of his new games. At the beginning 
of the war, it was his cleverness that detected the 
feigned madness of Odysseus, and forced that wily 
hero to a reluctant participation in the expedition. 
For this Odysseus cherished deep resentment, and 
in conjunction with the Atridae, who were jealous 
of the popularity of Palamedes, he contrived by a 
trick to make it appear that their enemy was in 
traitorous correspondence with King Priam. Pala- 
medes was stoned to death, and his brother wrote 
the tale on wooden tablets which he committed to 
the sea in hopes that some might float home to 
Nauplia and inform King Nauplios of the murder 
of his son. The plan was successful, and Nauplios set 
a deceitful beacon on a dangerous cape of Euboea, 
which lured many of the returning Greeks to death 
by shipwreck. 

" Oblivion's * cure I only did provide 

Silent and sounding syllables combined 
1 Eur.: Palam. Frag., 582 (Dindorf). 



140 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Inventing, so mankind might letters know. 
Thus, though far absent over ocean's tract 
A man might learn the fortunes of his home. 
And, at a death, to children might be told 
In writing plain, the measure of their wealth. 
And that which might to evil strife have led, 
The tablet judgeth and forbiddeth Ues.'' 

In another fragment the Chorus reproaches Odys- 
seus and the Greeks: 

" Ye ^ have slain, ye have slain 
The all- wise one, ye Danai! 

The Muses' nightingale. 
Who ne'er caused grief to any." 

The fortified height above Nauplia retains the 
name of Palamidi to this day. The town has played 
an important part in the military history of Greece in 
post-classic times. Its capture from the Turks in 
1822 gave great encouragement to the revolutionists, 
and it became for a time the capital of the newly 
liberated nation when the war was over. Here the 
first President, Capodistrias, was assassinated, and 
it was at Nauplia that King Otho first made his entry 
into his dominions. 

1 Eur.: Palam. Frag., 591 (Dindorf). 



CHAPTER IX 

DELPHI 

" When the lightning flashed through Harma," * 
the mission to Delphi was wont to proceed thither 
by the Sacred Way, passing through Eleusis and 
the defiles of Cithaeron; then across Boeotia and 
through the winding passes of Parnassus. The road 
was built by Theseus to conduct Apollo on his 
triumphal journey from Athens, whither he had 
come from his birthplace in Delos. 

The traveller to-day, however, usually goes to the 
port of Itea by steamer from Piraeus through the 
new canal, or else by rail to Corinth and thence 
across the Gulf by one of the very irregular steamers. 
The journey by sea from Piraeus is the most com- 
fortable, and it is interesting too. We skirted 
closely the outer coast of Salamis, and sailed through 

* Harma (Strabo, ix. chap, i) was a mountain on the Boeo- 
tian border, whence signal fires could be seen by watchers in 
the Pythion at Athens. Dorpfeld claims that this Pythion 
is identical with the Grotto of Apollo on the northern slope 
of the Acropolis (Chapter I) and thus he elucidates the puz- 
zling passage in Philostratus concerning the Panathenaic 
ship. 

141 



142 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

the calm Saronic as it narrowed towards the Isth- 
mus, and after passing through the canal we issued 
forth into the Corinthian Gulf for a sail of three or 
four hours on one of the most beautiful stretches 
of water in the world. We passed the rock of Hera 
Acraia, the '' Gibraltar of the Corinthian Gulf." 
Like its namesake, it resembles a crouching lion with 
head erect and mighty paws extending seaward. 
This is the spot where Medea buried her children, 
carrying them from Corinth in her winged chariot.^ 
Her parting words to them when she has resolved 
upon their death are among the most heart-breaking 
to be found in the" most pathetic " of poets. 

Medea: ^ " Oh children, children, ye a city have 

And home, wherein, forsaking wretched me. 

Ye aye shall dwell, bereft of mothers' love: 

While I to other lands an exile go 

Ere any joy I win of you, and see 

Your happiness, ere wife and nuptial couch 

I deck, and hold aloft the marriage torch. 

Ah me, unhappy for my daring deed! 

In vain, then, children, did I nurture you. 

In vain I laboured, and was worn with toil, 

In vain I bore the grievous travail-pangs. 

Unhappy! Many hopes I had in you. 

That some day surely ye would tend mine age, 

^ Eurip.: Medea, 1379. 
' Eurip.: Medea, 1022 ff. 



DELPHI 143 

And with your hands my body deck in death, 
Of mortals envied. But the sweet hope now 
Is perished. For henceforth bereft of you, 
A mournful life and grievous I must pass. 
And ye no more with loving eyes shall look 
Upon your mother in your altered Hfe. 
Woe, woe, why gaze ye at me, children mine? 
Why laugh unto me this last laugh of all? 
Ah me, what can I do? My heart is faint, 
Oh women, at the bright face of my babes. 
I cannot do it, farewell former plans! 
I take my children with me from the land. 

Yet how is it with me? Shall I endure 

To be a jest of unrequited foes? 

This must be dared. But ah, unhappy me, 

That I should have let fall such weakUng words! 

Go, children, to the house. Let him who hath 

No part in this my service, look to it! 

I will not spoil the deed of my right hand. 

But lo, I needs must tread a woful road. 
And these must send on one more woful still. 
My boys I'd fain address, give, children mine, 
Give to your mother your right hand to kiss. 
Oh, dearest hand and dearest face to me! 
My children's form and noble countenance! 
Blessed be ye — but yonder — for your sire 



144 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Hath robbed you of your sojourn here. Oh sweet 
Embrace, soft skin, and dearest breath of babes! 
Away! Away! no longer can I bear 
To look upon you, conquered by my woe." 

Beyond the promontory the Gulf widens, and as 
we passed out the clouds began to gather over the 
white tops of the distant mountains of Arcadia and 
soon shut out the Peloponnesian shore. Once for 
a moment the clouds suddenly parted, and framed 
a picture of solemn splendour. Behind the dark 
masses of the nearer mountains, the snowy top of 
Cyllene was flooded with golden sunlight. The 
diamond-shaped rent in the clouds was as it were 
fringed with an edging of silver fur. In another 
moment all was dark again, and a torrent of rain 
succeeded, shutting out the view entirely, and con- 
tinuing till we landed at the little port of Itea — 
the ancient Cirrha — where we passed the night. 

When morning came the storm was over and we 
enjoyed the sunlit view from the balcony of the 
inn until the mules were saddled and our procession 
ready to start. 

At first our course lay through the great olive 
groves of the famous Crissaean Plain. This sacred 
land played a fatal part in Grecian history. The 
inhabitants of Crisa had been wont to plunder 
pilgrims on their way to visit the shrine of Delphi, 
until — at the instigation of the Pythia — Solon 



DELPHI 145 

and the Athenians, in alliance with Clisthenes of 
Sicyon, destroyed the guilty town in 591 b. c. and 
dedicated the Plain as the inviolable possession of 
the god. In honour of this event the famous 
Pythian Games were founded. In late times, how- 
ever, the inhabitants of Amphissa cast covetous 
eyes upon the fair fields which spread themselves 
below their mountain fastness, and dared to seize 
and cultivate the holy soil. To punish them for this 
outrage, the Amphictyonic Council, the national 
guardians of the rights of Delphi, declared a Sacred 
War. Then it was that Phihp of Macedon knew that 
his time had come. His intervention in the Sacred 
War was the beginning of the end, and only a year 
later the independence of Greece perished on the 
fatal field of Chaeronea. 

Our road through the olives led us to the foot 
of Parnassus. Northwestward climbed the road to 
Amphissa. We left this on our left and after an 
hour reached the flourishing town of Cry so, which 
preserves in its name the memory of the town 
destroyed twenty-five centuries ago. Below us 
on our right the Pleistos emerged from the gorge 
which narrows fast. An hour more and we dis- 
mounted at Kastri, the new village to which the 
inhabitants whose houses were destroyed by the 
excavations were removed. 

From the balcony of our little lodging, a mar- 
vellous prospect was unfolded. Far below us 



146 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

stretching towards the sea was the Sacred Plain 
dark with its olives. To our right were the lower 
spurs of Kiona, whose summit overtops Parnassus 
itself. To the left, the solemn gorge of the Pleistos, 
and in the cliff which forms its southern wall we 
could see the dark opening of the cave of Lamia, 
the horrid gobUn whose name was used to terrify 
rebellious children into submission. 

Before visiting the excavations, we walked along 
the road past them, that first we might purify our- 
selves in the waters of the Castahan spring which 
flows forth from the angle of the Phaedriades. These 
are two cliffs which form natural walls to north- 
east and southeast of the holy precinct. From 
one of these, Hyampeia, good old Aesop was hurled 
to his death. He was accused by his enemies of 
having robbed the shrine. They had concealed in 
his baggage some of the sacred vessels, and in 
spite of his protestations and the warnings he uttered 
in his quaint form of fables, he was dragged to the 
edge of the cUff and hurled over. But the gods made 
his innocence manifest, and his death was avenged 
by a destructive earthquake which soon after 
visited the spot. 

The spring of Castaha has been famed in song and 
story above all other fountains. He who drinks 
of its waters is blessed with the gift of poetry 
for ever. Here those who would visit the shrine 
must first pause for purification: 



DELPHI 147 

" Pure ^ to the temple approach of the undefiled 

deity, stranger, 
Pure in thy soul, and bathe in the sacred stream of 

the nymphs. 
Since for the good sufficeth the smallest drop — but 

the wicked 
Even the Ocean vast never could cleanse with his 

streams." 

The band of maidens sent from Tyre to serve in 
the temple thus greet the holy scene: 

" Leaving ^ the swell of the Tyrian Sea, 
Lo I am come for Loxias, 
Far from the Isle Phoenician, 
Slave to the halls of Phoebus, 
Where, 'neath the snow-swept mountain ridge 
Of Parnassus, his seat was chosen. 
• ••••••• • 

Still it awaiteth me to lave 
In Castalia's flowing waters 
My hair, the pride of my maidenhood, 
In service divine of Phoebus. 
Hail, thou Rock that dost light the gleam 
O'er the twin peaked Bacchic mountains. 
Hail, Vine that distillest the daily wine, 
Forth putting thy fruitful cluster. 

lAnth.: Pal., xiv. 71. 
2 Eur.: Phoen., 202 ff. 



148 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Hail, holy cave of the dragon, hail, 
Ye hill-top watch-towers of the gods. 
And sacred snow-smitten mountain, hail! 
Ah! would I in praise of the deathless One 
Might weave the dance on fearless feet 
By the mid-earth Hollow of Phoebus! " 

We rested beneath the ancient plane tree, planted 
they say by Agamemnon; and refreshed and puri- 
fied we approached the shrine. On either hand are 
the ruins of the votive offerings — too often, alas! 
commemorating fratricidal victories — and of the 
treasuries which offered such rich loot for Nero and 
other plunderers, in spite of whom the site could 
still offer thousands of statues as late as the time 
of Pausanias. The Athenian treasure-house is being 
rebuilt of its original materials, which were lying 
almost intact. Its decorations have been taken to 
the museum, and their place supplied by admirable 
reproductions. Upon the walls are hymns to Apollo 
with musical notation — a rare archaeological 
prize — and an inscription in situ speaks of the battle 
of Marathon, inhonourof which the treasury was built. 

We passed the rough rock from which, in earliest 
days of all, the Sibyl Herophile uttered prophecy, 
foretelling among other things the fatal story of 
Helen. We paused for a moment in the Athenian 
Stoa and then continued our gradual ascent. As 
the Sacred Way turned to the northward round the 



DELPHI 149 

end of the great temple, we saw before us the pedestal 
of one of the most interesting monuments in the 
world. Upon this pedestal stood the great tripod 
offered by redeemed Greece from the spoils of Pla- 
taea. The central support was of brazen serpents 
intertwined. On it were inscribed the names of 
the States that took part in this culminating victory 
of the Persian War, and many of these names may 
still be read upon the portion preserved at Constan- 
tinople, whither it was carried by Constantine to 
adorn the Hippodrome of his new capital. It is 
related that Mohammed II, who wrested Constanti- 
nople from the Christians in 1453 a. d., smote one of 
the brazen serpent heads with his sword, declaring 
that the conqueror of Europe thus avenged the 
ancient defeat of Asia. 

But we were at last come to Earth's very centre, 
the Pythian shrine itself. We stood where young 
Ion stood, in the portal which he used to sweep each 
morning at sunrise with such devotion. 

" Lo,* yonder gleameth the four-horsed car 
And Helios now sheddeth day o'er the land. 
The stars are fleeing before his blaze 

To the holy night. 
And the peaks untrod of Parnassus Mount 
With dawn illumined, receive for men 
The chariot wheel diurnal. 
» Eurip.: Ion, 82 fif. 



150 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

" Dry incense smoke to the lofty roof 

Of Phoebus flieth. 
On the tripod divine her seat doth take 
The Delphian, singing to Greeks the strains 
Whatever Apollo may utter. 

" But oh ye Delphian ministers 
Of Phoebus, hie to the silver whirls 
Of Castalia, where with unsulUed dew 
Having washed you clean, the temple approach. 
And guard ye well from ill-speaking the Ups, 
And words of blest import, to those who fain 
Would the shrine consult, 
From your own Ups see that ye utter. 

" While I, at my task which from Childhood's hour 

I ever ply, with the laurel boughs 
And holy wreaths, the gate of the God 
Will adorn, and sprinkle the floor bedewed 
With moistened drops. And the flocks of birds 

Who the shrines defile 
Of the images holy, with bow of mine 
I will put to flight — For, sprung from none 
From father nor mother, my nursUng home 
The Temple of Phoebus I cherish. 

" Oh minister fresh blooming, hail 
My broom of laurel fair. 
Who Phoebus' altar in his fane 
Hast ever in thy care I 



DELPHI 151 

" In gardens never dying, whence 
The streams of holy dew 
Their ever-flowing springs send forth, 
Thy sacred myrtle grew. 

" With thee I sweep the floor divine 
Throughout the livelong day, 
With swift wing of the rising sun, 
My service glad I pay. 

" Oh Paean, oh Paean! 
Blessed, oh, blessed 
Be thou, Latona's son! 

" Fair is the task I ply 
Oh Phoebus, at thy shrine, 
Thy seat prophetic honouring. 
Glorious the task for aye. 

To gods who live for ever 

My hand in thrall is held, 
And in glad labour thus to toil 

I can grow weary never. 

" Phoebus my sire divine! 
For him who nurtured me I praise 
To him is due a father's name 

The Phoebus of this shrine. 



152 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

" Oh Paean, oh Paean! 

Blessed, oh, blessed 
Be thou, Latona's son! " 

Of Apollo's lordly temple all is in ruins except the 
pavement, and we search in vain for the relics of its 
past glories. Gone is the great entrance porch 
over which were inscribed in golden letters the say- 
ings of the Seven Sages. '^ Know Thyself." '' Noth- 
ing Overmuch." Pediments, friezes and columns, 
all are gone. No vestige is left of the marvels which 
greeted the eyes of the visitors of old, who accom- 
panied Creusa when she came to consult the God. 
The exclamations of these visitors remind one of 
the modern tourist. 

Chorus d. " Not ^ only then in Athens the Divine 
Are courts of gods fair-columned, 
And services before the fane. 
Lo, e'en for Loxias, Lato's son, 
The fair-eyed hght of portals twain! 

Chorus p. " Look yonder and behold! 
The Hydra, lo, he slayeth. 
Of Lerna, he the son of Zeus, 

With sword of gold. 

Dear friend, behold! 

>Eurip.: Ion, 184 fif. 



DELPHI 153 

Chorus d, "I see, and by his side 

Another standeth, hfting burning torch. 
Can it be he of whom is told the tale 
In my embroideries? 
Shield-holder lolaus, he 
Who sharing labours on him laid, 
The son of Zeus doth aid. 

Chorus y. "See yonder man as well! 
Seated on courier wingM, 
He layeth low the Fire-breathing Might — 
Three-bodied monster fell. 

Chorus a. "I turn my glances everywhere — 
Lo, on the marble walls, 
Behold the combat of the giants there! 

Chorum S'. " Thither, dear friends, we look. 

Chorus €. " Dost see the Fierce-Eyed One? 

Against Enceladus her shield is shook. 

Chorus s'. " Yea, my own goddess Pallas I discern. 

Chorus f . " How else? the heavy thunderbolt of 
fire 

In hands of Zeus far-hurling? 

Chorus tJ. "I see, dread Mimas he with flame doth 
burn. 



154 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Chorus ff, " Lo Bromios, with ivy rod 

Unwarlike, doth another slay 
Of sons of Earth — the Bacchic 
God! '' 

As we stood upon the ancient pavement, the 
solemnity of the spot was overpowering. We could 
feel amid the silence of these ruins, in this lonely 
sheltered niche of the mountain, with the solemn 
gorge far below us, that we were indeed at the very 
centre of the world. For of civihzation as we con- 
ceive it, Greece was, in those old days, the only 
exponent on Earth; and had it not been for the 
victories of which these stones bear witness, the 
very Hght of life in the world would have been 
quenched. Instead of liberty, the soft luxury of 
Asia with its soul-deadening tyranny would have 
smothered Europe. Indeed humanity was on the 
" razor-edge " of the balance when the hope of 
Greece was contained in the ''wooden walls,'^ 
and later when the last great stand was made on the 
Plataean Plain. 

The first temple of Apollo is said to have been 
built of the wood of laurel brought from the Vale 
of Tempe. This was succeeded by one built of 
wax and feathers by a swarm of bees. The third 
temple was of brass; the fourth, of stone, built by 
Trophonius and Agamedes as in the Homeric 
Hymn; and the final one, of stone and marble, 



DELPHI 155 

under the direction of the Amphictyons, who em- 
ployed Spintharos as architect. The noble Athenian 
family of the Alcmaeonidae, wishing to secure the 
powerful voice of the Oracle in behalf of their 
restoration from banishment, undertook to carry 
out the plans, and instead of the ordinary stone of 
the neighbourhood called for by the contract, they 
employed Parian marble for the eastern front. 
Within the temple was the sacred quivering laurel 
of which the Pythian priestess was wont to chew 
the leaves before descending to the inmost shrine. 
Here too she drank of the water conducted from the 
spring Cassotis. Not only must the laurel quiver, 
but the sacrificial victim too must quake. Else 
there would be no oracular response. The priestess 
took her seat on the tripod which stood over the 
celebrated chasm whence arose the vapour of in- 
spiration.^ A learned archaeologist has recently 
written an able essay to prove that this chasm was 
a pious fraud, or never existed at all. The myth 
'relates that its existence was revealed by Coretas, 
a goat herd, who became intoxicated and fell in. 
In the temple could be seen, between two golden 
eagles, the sacred Omphalos, Earth's navel, whereon 
the eagles let fly by Zeus — one from the east and 
the other from the west — met and alighted. 
Near by was a golden statue of Homer, and the iron 

^ The vapour story is rejected by the new edition of Smith's 
Diet, of Antiq. 



156 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

chair occupied by Pindar when he sang hymns 
in honour of the Pythian Apollo. 

The founding of the oracle is described in the 
Homeric Hymn to the Pythian Apollo and in the 
prologue of the Eumenides of Aeschylus. 

''Thence^ thou didst come to Crisa, beneath snowy 
Parnassus to the gorge turned westward. Over it 
the cliff hangeth beetling, and the deep ravine 
runneth under. Rugged is the spot and there Lord 
Phoebus Apollo resolved to build him a lovely 
temple and thus he spake: * Here I bethink me to 
build an exceeding beauteous fane, that it may be a 
place of divination for all mankind. Hither they 
shall bring me their perfect hecatombs for ever, 
men who dwell in fertile Peloponnesus, in Europe, 
and amid the sea-flowed islands, coming to consult 
my oracle. And to them I fain would declare my 
unfaihng counsel and utter prophecy in my rich 
shrine.' Thus spake Phoebus Apollo, and laid the 
foundations. Wide they were and exceeding long, 
and on them Trophonius and Agamedes, sons of 
Erginus, dear to the immortal gods, placed a floor 
of marble. And the countless tribes of men reared 
the walls of the temple with wrought stones, to be 
a theme of song for ever. 

^' Hard by there flowed a stream of fair waters, 
and there Apollo slew with his stout bow a serpent 
of mighty bulk, a savage prodigy which wrought 

1 Homer. Hymn to Apollo, 282 ff. 



DELPHI 157 

many woes to the men in the land, to them and 
their hoof-stretching herds. For indeed it was 
a blood-bedabbled monster. 

" He ^ who encountered her was led by fatal des- 
tiny, until the time when Lord Apollo Far- Worker 
aimed at her his powerful arrow. She then, tortured 
with grievous pangs, lay greatly gasping and writh- 
ing on the ground. Awful was the cry she ut- 
tered, unspeakable. Then she glided hither and 
thither through the wood till at last she panted 
forth her life in blood. Then Phoebus Apollo ex- 
ulted." 

The she-dragon is left to rot ^ in the sun, and this 
circumstance gives to the place the name of Pytho. 
Apollo turns his attention to the establishment of 
the rites of his worship: 

" Then^ Phoebus Apollo considered in his heart 
what men he should introduce to his holy rites, 
men who should worship him in rocky Pytho. Now 
while he pondered, he marked a swift ship upon the 
wine-faced sea. And therein were many goodly 
men, Cretans from Minoan Cnossus, men who should 
offer service to the Lord and declare the divine 

^ Line 356. 

2 TridecrdaL, to rot. 

3 Line 388. 



158 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

will of Phoebus Apollo of the golden sword, whatso- 
ever he should utter in oracles from the laurel 
shrine, forth from the hollow breast of Parnassus. 
They were saiUng in their black ship, in pursuit of 
traffic, bound for sandy Pylos and the people of 
Pylos. Then Phoebus Apollo went forth to meet 
them, and plunged into the sea in Ukeness of a 
dolphin, close to the black ship, and floated there, 
a monster great and dire; nor could any of the men 
devise the meaning. Tossing on every side, he 
lashed the ship's beams, while the mariners crouched 
in the vessel dumb with terror." 

The dolphin guides the ship by a south wind p^st 
her destination, in spite of the wish of some of the 
sailors to land. The ship refuses to obey her helm. 
At last they reach the mouth of the Gulf, when a 
west wind springs up, and they are wafted into 
the Bay of Crisa. 

" And ^ they came to far-seen vine-clad Crisa, 
to the harbour. And there Lord Apollo Far- Worker 
darted away from the ship, like unto the Sun at 
noon, and from his head flew sparks in showers, 
and the brightness thereof came to heaven. Then 
he sped to his shrine and passed on to the famous 
tripod. There he kindled a blaze, manifesting forth 
his weapons. And the gleam covered all Crisa. 
And the wives of the Crissaeans and their fair- 
girdled daughters raised the cry of holy joy beneath 

1 Line 438 ff . 



DELPHI 159 

inspiration of Phoebus. For he put mighty awe in 
the heart of each one. 

" Thence hke a dream he leaped to fly again to 
the ship, in Hkeness of a stout warrior in the prime 
of youth, his broad shoulders covered with his 
flowing locks. Then having uttered winged words, 
he spake to the sailors: ' Strangers, who are ye, 
and whence sail ye the path of the waters? Is it in 
pursuit of traffic, or do ye roam at random, as the 
pirates do, who rove o'er the salt sea, setting their 
lives at stake, and carrying evil to foreigners? 
Wherefore do ye thus sit stricken in soul, nor dis- 
embark upon the land, and stow the cordage of 
your black vessel? ' " 

The captain of the ship asks the god concerning 
the land to which they have thus been led, whereas 
with far different intention they had sailed forth 
" upon the mighty Gulf of the ocean towards Pylos, 
from Crete whence we claim to have sprung." 

" Answering ^ straightway Far- Worker Apollo 
spake to them: * Strangers, who used to dwell near 
tree-clad Cnossus, but who now shall return thither 
no more, to your lovely city and fair homes and 
dear wives. Here must ye abide and maintain my 
rich shrine, revered of all men. For, lo, I am the 
son of Zeus and I claim to be Apollo. Over the 
great Gulf of the sea I have guided you hitherto. 
I have willed you no harm, nay, ye shall here main- 

^ Line 474. 



160 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

tain my rich shrine, exceeding revered of all men. 
And ye shall know the counsels of the immortals, 
and by their decree ye shall be honoured all your 
days for ever and ever/ '' 

** Thus ^ spake Apollo and verily they hearkened 
and obeyed him." 

" And ^ they started to go, and at their head went 
Lord Apollo, son of Zeus. In his hand he held his 
lyre and lovely was the music he played. His step 
was high and goodly, and the Cretans followed 
on to Pytho, dancing and singing glad paeans such 
as are the paeans of the Cretans, in whose hearts 
the Muse divine hath planted honey-voiced song. 
They climbed the mountain with unwearied feet, 
and soon they came to Parnassus and the lovely 
spot where Apollo was to dwell revered by all man- 
kind." 

The Hymn ends with a word of warning: 

'' If ^ there be faithless word or deed, or outrage 
such as often mortal men commit, then shall others 
come to be dictators over you, and beneath their 
sway ye shall be ruled by compulsion all your days. 
All has been said — Guard well my words in your 
hearts." 

Here follows the account in the Eumenides of 
Aeschylus: 

1 Line 503. ^ Line 514. ^ Line 540,. 



DELPHI 161 

Pythia: * First ^ in my prayer I reverence of gods 

First-Prophesying Earth; and Themis next, 

Who from her mother in succession held 

This chair of divination, as they tell. 

And third by lot — of her consent — not force 

Titaness Phoebe, she too child of Earth, 

Held it, and gave it as a natal gift. 

To Phoebus — thus the name from Phoebe bides. 

When Phoebus left the Delian lake and reef. 

And beached his ship on Pallas' shores marine. 

He travelled thence to this Parnassus' seat. 

And they conduct him with high reverence — 

Hephaestus' sons, road builders — and make 

plain 
The hitherto rough places of the earth. 
Here greatly did the people honour him. 
And Delphos, sovereign ruler of this land. 
And Zeus his soul with skill divine inspired. 
And seated him fourth prophet on his throne. 
Thus Loxias is spokesman for his sire. 
These gods I worship in my opening prayer. 
Pallas Pronaia ^ likewise holds high place. 
And next the nymphs I honour of the cave 

* Aeschylus: Eum., 1 ff. 

2 The temple of Pallas Pronaia is the first noted by Pau- 
sanias as he arrived by the Sacred Way. It has been identified 
as one of the small ruined temples of the so-called Marmaria. 
Shortly after the writer's visit to Delphi in 1905, a boulder 
dislodged from Hyampeia caused serious damage to this 
group of buildings. 



162 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Corycian, dear to birds, resort of gods, 
Bromios' haunt, nor leave I unrecaUed 
The time the god at head of Bacchant host 
Wrought doom to Pentheus, hunted hke a hare. 
The springs of Pleistos and Poseidon's might 
And highest Zeus Consummate last I call — 
Then take my seat on the prophetic throne." 

The prominence of the oracle all through Hellenic 
times is tremendous. And not only the Grecian 
world, even Asia and Rome held the Pythian 
utterances in deep reverence. From the first 
priestess Phemonoe, who issued her prophecies 
in hexameter verse, through the long centuries 
of greatness and decUne and renascence and at last 
suppression at the hands of the Christian Emperor 
Theodosius, we meet at every turn testimony to 
the influence of the Delphic Oracle. Often the 
utterances were ambiguous — the very name Loxias 
was fancifully derived from the obhquity (Xoior-qs) 
of the prophecies, — often doubtless they were 
corrupted for poHtical ends. In spite of all, the 
respect shown for them even by men hke Socrates 
and Cicero is to us astounding. Of the innumerable 
episodes in the long history of the shrine, we best 
recall the responses made to Oedipus and Orestes 
in the tragic cycle, the tale of Croesus, the message 
concerning the ^' wooden walls," the vindication of 
the sanctity of the shrine when the impious Persian 



DELPHI 163 

pillagers were overwhelmed by thunder and light- 
ning and the crushing cliffs; the inspiration which 
started Socrates upon his truth-seeking career, 
and finally the maxims of general or special conduct 
with which Hellenic story is filled. At last, when 
JuHan the Apostate consulted the oracle with refer- 
ence to his Persian campaign, came the last mourn- 
ful answer from the prophetic tripod: " Say to the 
King that the dwelling place so rich in art is sunk 
to dust; Phoebus has no longer a roof, and no 
prophetic laurel, no speaking fountain. Dried is 
the fair water spring. '^ 

The hill slopes above the temple are covered with 
interesting buildings; but it is beyond the scope 
of these pages to describe in detail the Cnidian Lesche 
once adorned by Polygnotus, the Thessalian votive 
statues, the fountain of Cassotis: — 

" Where ^ from the depths is drawn for the Ubations 
Of fair-haired Muses, water pure and holy." 

We must not pause to describe the Theatre and, 
high above the sacred buildings, the splendid 
stadium of the Pythian Games. The fine Museum 
too, with the world-renowned charioteer of bronze, 
the Lysippic Agias, the Cnidian frieze, the Sphinx 
of Naxos, and the charming dancing Caryatidae 
of Siphnos — all these belong to the province of the 

^ Simonides, 44. 



164 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

writer on Art or Archaeology. This is true as well 
of the ruins of " The Marmaria," almost equalling 
in beauty those of the Sacred Enclosure itself. 

We returned to our lodgings in time to witness a 
most glorious sunset over the lower heights of Kiona. 
A wild wind was blowing, and the scudding clouds 
were stained sanguine, while the mountain snows 
were Ht with crimson glory fading into pure crystal- 
. line rose colour. The scene at first almost inspired 
terror; then, for a moment, triumphant exultation; 
then, as the fierce red light vanished in an instant 
from the flying clouds, there ensued a moment of 
awe, and at last the hurrying darkness brought 
hushed feelings of solemn peace. 



CHAPTER X 

PARNASSUS TO THEBES 

The Corycian Grotto is situated high above the 
town of Delphi about half way to the top of Par- 
nassus. The first part of the ascent — the Kukyj 
'StKaXa — is rough and steep. Anemones and other 
wild flowers of every colour cover the ground 
wherever the sun of March has melted the snow. 
Far above to the eastward we catch sight of the 
white crown of the holy mountain. 

The way passes through pine groves and over 
stretches of bare rock, and, after a couple of hours, 
leads to the mouth of the famous cave. A rock near 
by bears an inscription which tells us that the 
grotto was sacred to Pan and the Corycian nymphs. 
The neighbourhood of the cave was a favourite 
haunt of Dionysus and his Maenads, and the mysteri- 
ous Hghts beheld afar by awestruck peasants were 
believed to come from torches carried in the mystic 
revels: 

" The ^ lurid gleam o^er the two-peaked Rock 
Where the Bacchic nymphs Corycian tread." 

»Soph.: Antig., 1126. 

165 



166 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

The Corycian Grotto offered a refuge to the fleeing 
inhabitants of Delphi when the Persians came, and 
many centuries later it served as one of the most 
important strongholds of the chieftains of the War 
of Independence. 

Our visit to the cave filled the morning of our last 
day at Delphi, and on the morrow we started early 
along the Sacred Way. 

From Delphi the road gradually ascends to 
Arachova. The gorge of the Pleistos was far below 
us on our right, and over the chffs of Kirphis, which 
form its southern wall, we could catch occasional 
glimpses of the snowy tops of far-off Arcadian 
mountains beyond the Gulf of Corinth. We could 
not see the Gulf itself, but its position was marked 
by the thick banks of clouds which seemed to rise 
from it, often shutting out the distant mountains. 
On our left rose the slope of Parnassus, dotted by 
scanty evergreens. Occasionally we passed a few 
fruit trees in blossom, and here and there an oHve; 
but the region is mostly barren save for the vines 
which produce the Arachovan wine. 

Just before reaching the town, a bend in the road 
gives a last opportunity to look back at Delphi. 

Arachova is no mean town in spite of its isolated 
position. The inhabitants are of pure Greek stock, 
and the women are handsome, while the men and 
boys are splendid. 



PARNASSUS TO THEBES 167 

After passing through the town, the road winds 
down the long pass of Parnassus. We soon came to 
the end of the well-built modern highway, and from 
this point travel became increasingly difficult. 
Clouds had gathered too, and soon rain followed; 
and we floundered over slippery rocks and through 
sticky clay, scarcely caring whether there was a path 
or not. The wild scenery of Zemeno, as this part 
of the pass is called, was grander and more gloomy 
for the storm. The clouds came tumbling down the 
cUffs on either side till they dissolved in fine rain, 
while the prospect in front was completely cut off. 
We were glad enough at last to take refuge for an 
hour in an old Khan built in Turkish times at a point 
about half way through the pass. 

We were nearing the famous SxitrT^ o8os, the 
triple cross roads of which the mention in the 
Oedipus Tyrannus fills us with shivering awe as 
they are named again and again. While the guides 
were preparing lunch, the account of Sophocles was 
read aloud: 

" Now * Polybus of Corinth was my sire; 
My mother, Dorian Merope, and I 
Was held the noblest of the city, till 
This chance befel me, worthy wonderment, — 
Yet haply not so weighty as I deemed. 
A fellow at a banquet, flown with wine, 
iSoph.: Oed., 774ff. 



168 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Taunts me, as foisted spurious on my sire. 

And I my wrath that day could scarce restrain, 

And on the next, my parents I approached 

And questioned closely — they th' affront received 

With deep offence 'gainst him who spake the charge. 

And I on their concern was satisfied; 

But yet this stung me ever, sinking deep. 

Unknown to parents, then, I took my way 

To Pytho, and, unsatisfied in that 

I came for, Phoebus let me go, but dire 

And woful were his other prophecies: 

That I with my own mother should be joined 

And bring to light a stock unbearable, 

And of my father should be murderer. 

And when I heard it, the Corinthian land 

Henceforth I measured by the stars alone, 

And fled to where I never might behold 

The horrors of my oracles fulfilled. 

And, in my flight, I reached this spot whereat 

Thou sayest that this monarch met his doom. 

And thou, my wife, shalt have the truth, — for 

when 
Journeying I approached that triple road. 
There did a herald meet me and a man 
Mounted on horse-drawn car as thou hast said. 
And from the road the charioteer essayed 
By force to drive me, and the elder too. 
The man who sought to turn me from the path 
— The Charioteer — in rage I smote; but when 



PARNASSUS TO THEBES 169 

The elder saw me passing by the car, 

Watching his chance, with double whip he struck 

Full on my head — nor equal pay received. 

For at a sharp blow from my staff he rolled 

Upon his back from middle of the car. 

I islew them all — but if of kin there be 

Betwixt this stranger aught, and Laius' house, 

What man more wretched in the world than I? 

Whom none of strangers nor of citizens 

May take into his house, nor e'en address. 

But all must drive me forth, and none it was 

But only I this curse upon me laid. . . . 

Nay then, nay then, oh holy powers divine, 

Ne'er may I see that day, but from mankind 

May I depart unseen e'er I behold 

Such stain of horror come upon my head! " 

At the Triple Roads we turned northward, and 
made our way slowly through rough and lonely 
country. The only living creatures were the occa- 
sional flocks of goats with herdsmen in rough cloaks 
looking as wild and shaggy as their charges. After 
an hour or more of difficult progress, the prospect 
widened, and far to the northeast appeared the 
Boeotian Plain. Beyond rose the mountains which 
guard the ancient Orchomenos, and in the remote 
distance were the Euboean Heights, visible when the 
weather is clear. To us, even Helicon near by on our 
right was veiled in low-lying clouds. Our goal for 



170 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

the night was DauHa, a populous town commanding 
a wide view over the plain. It is ill built, and our 
quarters proved to be uncomfortable. 

This is the ancient Daulis, the scene of the sad 
tale of Procne and Philomela. Ovid has told how 
the sisters were changed, the one into a swallow, 
the other into a nightingale, while the wicked Tereus 
became a hoopoe. The lament of the nightingale 
for the slain Itys or Itylus is famed in poetry ancient 
and modern. 

A fragment of the Phaethon of Euripides refers 
to it thus: 

" And * on the trees, the nightingale 
Singeth her tender harmony. 
Crying in loud lament 
The woful Itys! Itys!" 

The chorus of Danaides ^ in the Suppliants of 
Aeschylus compare their hymn of lamentation to 
that of the nightingale: 

" But if there be at hand 
Some dweller in the land 
Bird-tending, he will fancy when he hears 
Our strain of tears 
That he is listening to the voice 

1 Eurip. : Frag. Phae., 21-24. 

2 Aeschylus: Suppl., 56-65. 



PARNASSUS TO THEBES 171 

Of her, the wife of Tereus, wise, 
The nightingale, by kite pursued, 

Who, from her native wood 
And streams compelled to roam. 
Mourns for her wonted home 
In strange lamenting wail. 
Mingling therewith of her own son the tale, 
How by her hand he perished — murderous deed! 
A wretched mother's fury was his meed." 

" But ^ the bird of lamentation 

Suiteth well my soul; 
Who ever waileth Itys! Itys! 
Bird of mourning, messenger of Zeus." 

Aristophanes in the Birds seems to ignore the 
most horrible features of the legend, and represents 
the hoopoe and the nightingale as reconciled and 
bound by tender conjugal affection: 

" Come ^ partner of mine, oh cease from thy sleep 
And free thou the strains of thy holy hymns. 
Which from mouth divine thou dost pour in lament 
For thy Itys and mine, the often bewept. 
And aye as it trilleth in numbers divine 

From thy yellow throat, 
The echo pure, through the leafy hair 

^Soph.: Electra, 146-149. 
^Aristoph.: Birds, 209-222. 



172 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Of the smilax, floateth to throne of Zeus; 

Where golden-haired Phoebus the sound doth hear 

And tuning his lyre with ivory bound, 

To thy elegy answering, leadeth the dance 

Of gods, and together in concord divine, 

From voices immortal ariseth the cry 

Of the Blessed ones' heavenly singing." 

The journey from Daulia to Chaeronea was accom- 
plished in a down-pour of rain, and the beauty of 
the scenery was almost wholly missed. Our way 
lay past the site of the ancient Panopeus, the birth- 
place of Epeios who built the wooden horse. Quintus 
Smyrnaeus gives an account of the dream which 
inspired Epeios to the undertaking, and his lines 
have much of the beauty of genuine Homeric 
Poetry : — 

" When ^ now the stars were turning their path 

through the glittering heaven. 
Gleaming on every hand, and man his work had 

forgotten. 
Then did Athene leave the lofty abode of the 

Blessed, 
And, to the tender form of a maid in every way 

likened. 
Came to the ships and the host, and over the head 

of Epeios, 

»Q. Smym.: Bk. xii. Lines 104-121. 



PARNASSUS TO THEBES 173 

Ares-beloved, she stood in a dream, and quickly 

she bade him 
Build him a horse of wood, and said that herself in 

the labour 
With him would toil; to this end herself had sped to 

his bedside, 
Urging him on to the task. He, hearing the voice 

of the goddess. 
Laughed in his spirit, and leaped from his couch of 

slumber unheeding. 
Well he knew 'twas a goddess immortal, nor ever 

his spirit 
Pondered aught else, but aye he fixed his mind on 

the duty 
Heaven-enjoined, and skilful the craft invaded his 

spirit. 
When now Aurora came, to Erebus driving the 

shadows. 
When too the fierce-eyed gleam of the day pervaded 

the Ether, 
Then did Epeios the dream divine, as he saw it and 

heard it. 
Tell in the midst of the Argives, who greatly longed 

for the story 
They, when they heard the tale, rejoiced with a 

gladness unbounded." 

The western part of Boeotia was once covered 
with the shallow waters of the Copaic Lake, famous 



174 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

in the plays of Aristophanes for its deUcious eels. 
Much of the lake has been drained within recent 
years, and a large and fertile tract has been re- 
claimed for agriculture. To the south stretches 
the chain of Helicon, the abode of the Muses, and as 
one advances, the great mass of Parnassus seems 
to rise higher and higher behind one and to brood 
over the whole plain. 

Chaeronea was the birthplace of Plutarch, whose 
stone chair is still shown to the faithful in the village 
church. Hard by is the small ancient theatre with 
seats hewn out of the hill of the acropolis. Near 
the town, there is a common tomb of those Thebans 
who fell in the struggle against Philip. '' Now ^ 
there is no inscription, but a Hon is set hard by. 
And this refers chiefly to the brave spirit of the 
men. And an inscription is wanting, I think, be- 
cause no destiny corresponding to their daring 
attended them." After lying for many years in 
sorrowful ruin, the great lion has lately been set on a 
high pedestal, and is visible from far across the 
plain. The crouching marble lion which used to 
crown the mound of Marathon commemorated the 
first triumph of independent Hellas against a foreign 
foe. The Lion of Chaeronea is a memorial of the 
final disaster, when independent Hellas fell beneath 
the Macedonian. Yet he is not crouching, but 
proudly sitting with head erect and an expression 

* Pausanias, ix. 40. 5. 



PARNASSUS TO THEBES 175 

of mournful sternness. The spirit of Greece was not 
broken. The news indeed; 

"... of ^ that dishonest victory 

At Chaeronea fatal to liberty, 
Killed with report that old man eloquent.'* 

For Isocrates could look back over nearly a 
century of life to the days when Macedon was re- 
garded as a semi-barbarous foreign kingdom. And 
yet the conquerors were not wholly foreigners, and it 
was but a few years later that Alexander the Great, 
who won his spurs on the fields of Chaeronea, was 
to carry the name and fame of Greece to the utter- 
most parts of the earth. 

Demosthenes, who took part in the battle and 
shared in the general flight, was chosen to pronounce 
in the Ceramicus, at Athens, the funeral oration 
over the Athenians who fell on the field, and whose 
bodies were given up by Philip for burial in their 
native soil. The Funeral Oration which appears 
in the collection of the works of Demosthenes is of 
doubtful authenticity, though it contains many 
fine passages: 

" But ^ it results of necessity that when a battle 
takes place, one side is defeated, the other victori- 
ous. Now I should not hesitate to say that in my 

* Milton. Sonnet to the Lady Margaret Lay. 
2 Demos.: Epitaph. 1394, 24, and 1398, 54. 



176 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

opinion, those of either side who die in the ranks 
share not in the defeat, but that both alike are 
victorious. For victory is apportioned to the 
survivors according as Heaven grants; whereas 
that which each man could contribute to \ictor)^, 
every man who has stood his ground has fulfilled. 
But if as mortal he has met his allotted fate, it is 
by fortune he has received that which has befallen 
him, in spirit he has not been worsted by his adver- 
sary. . . . 

'' Now ^ the sur^d\'ing kindred of these men 
indeed deserve pity, for they have been bereft 
of such heroes and disjoined from long and lo\ing 
companionship; and they see the fortunes of their 
fatherland desolate, and full of tears and mourning. 
But, rightly considered, Heaven has granted these 
men to leave behind them, not for a brief space, but 
for long and unending time, a glorious memory that 
grows not old. In the light of this their sons shall 
grow up famous, and their parents shall be main- 
tained in an honoured old age with the renown of 
these their sons for consolation to their grief." 

At Chaeronea we took the train for Athens. The 
gray Hon at last faded from our sight far across the 
Boeotian Plain, and the afternoon sun dispersed 
the clouds on Helicon just before it was too late. 
Behind us, the great round brow of Parnassus looks 
forth over the whole valley, and is not lost to sight 

1 Line 1399, 44. 



PARNASSUS TO THEBES 177 

till one is nearly at Thebes. The Plain is full of 
memories both mythical and historical; but the 
history is of treason and civil strife, and the myths 
are tales of horror. We rounded the rugged hill 
where the Sphinx once dwelt and reached Thebes. 

The smiling little town is different enough now 
from the stately city of the seven gates and the 
seven fountains, the scene of the birth and ven- 
geance of the Bacchic god, of the horrors of the 
house of Oedipus, and of the treason of the people 
when the Persians came. The Spring of Dirce can 
still be seen, and the archaeologists can guess 
approximately the positions of some of the Seven 
Gates. But the real Thebes is ours forever in the 
great dramas of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. 

The Mighty Seven lead on their hosts against the 
beleaguered city: 

" I * cry dread woes and mighty! 
An host is come upon me. 
Leaving its camp, it poureth, 
Yon throng of horse precursor! 
The dust to heaven rising is my witness, 
Bearer of tidings true though speechless. 

" And, ever nearer to mine ears, 
My country's plains, hoof-smitten, 
Bring the loud shouting. 
* Aesch.: Seven against Thebes, 78 ff. 



178 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

" It flieth, it roareth 
Like resistless waters 
Cleaving the mountains. 
Oh gods, oh goddesses, avert the rushing doom! 

" White-shielded hosts in fair array, 
Their footsteps guiding in pursuit, 
Dash o'er the walls with shouting. 

Who shall deliver? 
Who of gods or goddesses defend? 

Ares, thou guardian of our ancient land. 
Wilt thou forsake thine own? 
God of the golden helm, behold, behold thy city 
Which once thou heldest dear! 
Gods of our country, city- warding, come, oh, come! 

" Behold the band of virgins 
Praying deliverance from thraldom. 

For round our city, 
By breath of Ares driven, 
Roareth a wave of men with bending crest. 
But oh thou All-fulfilling Zeus, 
With all thy power succour 
That we fall not to our foes! 

" Now round the citadel of Cadmus 
The Argives circle 
In awful panoply of war. 



PARNASSUS TO THEBES 179 

The bridles, bound upon their horses' jaws 
Clang slaughter. 
Seven mighty chiefs, conspicuous 'mid the host, 
With spears against our seven gates 
Press close, by lot appointed." 

Before the palace gates stands Oedipus, the hero 
king, now bUnd and fallen while the people wonder: 

" Citizens ^ of Thebes ancestral, yonder Oedipus 

behold! 
Him who solved the famed enigma and was worthiest 

of men. 
Who upon the City's fortunes with no eye of envy 

gazed, 
Lo, in what a wave of sorrow awful he hath now 

been whelmed. 
Therefore one who is a mortal, to behold yon final 

day 
Looking, it indeed behoveth none to deem a happy 

man, 
Ere the goal of life he passeth, having suffered 

naught of pain." 

The city was the birthplace of Dionysus. Euripi- 
des in the Bacchantes tells of the awful vengeance 
of the God upon the infidel king Pentheus. The 

»Soph.: Oed.Tyr., 1523. 



"180 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Choruses of the play are full of beauty. There is 
a wild, Euystic, alraost oriental frenzy in the songs 
of the maenad rout that followed the strange young 
god to the mad revels on Cithaeron: 

" Oh ^ Thebes, the nurse of Semele, 
Crown, crown thy head with ivy, 
Teem, teem, with verdant smilax fair and fruitful, 
Come join the Bacchic revel 
With boughs of oak and pine. 
Your dappled fawn-robes crown 
With tufts of silvery fleeces. 

" The sportive fennel toss in holy mirth 
Soon the whole land shall join the dance, 
When Bromios leadeth forth his band, 
To the mountain, to the mountain, 
Where the female rout awaiteth. 
From loom and distaff far, 
By Dionysus frenzy goaded. . . • 

" Oh happy he who on the hills, 
After wild running dance, 
Fainteth to earth, who weareth 
The holy robe of fawn. 
And seeketh blood of goats, the joy of flesh raw 
eaten, 

As he dasheth to the mountains 

*Eurip.: Bacchae. 



PARNASSUS TO THEBES 181 

The Phrygian, the Lydian, 
And Bromios at the head — Evoe! 

" The ground with milk is flowing, 
With wine and nectar of the bees. 
Smoke riseth as of Lydian frankincense, 

The Bacchic god, with ruddy pine flame 

On thyrsus held aloft, 
Leapeth with running and with dance 
Urging his roving bands. 
Rousing with cry he tosseth 
To the wind his locks abundant, 
The while with joyous roar he shouteth 
Oh Bacchants Go! 
Oh Bacchants Go! 
Glory of Tmolus' golden streams, 
Sing Dionysus 
With deep-thundering drums. 
With Evoe celebrate the Evian God! 
With shouts and Phrygian cries. 

" What time the pipe with joyful noise, 
The holy pipe, its holy mirth 
Resoundeth in accord with frantic wanderers 
To the Mountain, to the Mountain. 
And joyous as the colt 
Beside its grazing mother 
The Bacchant guideth nimble feet in leapings." 



182 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

The way led us past Tanagra almost to the Euripus. 
Far off the Euboean hills were lighted by the pink 
of sunset, and darkness overtook us before we 
pierced the tunnel of Parnes and reached the Attic 
Plain. 



CHAPTER XI 

OLYMPIA 

The visit to Olympia is apt to be the last of one's 
Grecian sojourn, for Patras, whence the Italian 
steamers sail, is a convenient place at which to spend 
the night en route. , 

After leaving Corinth, the railroad skirts the Gulf 
for hours through country of a markedly different 
appearance from that to which one has become 
accustomed in Northern Greece. Instead of a hard 
stony soil and exposed wind-swept hills, we were 
now in a land of smiUng vineyards and currant 
plantations. Many pretty valleys run inland from 
the coast, winding their way between the green 
slopes of sharp-pointed hills of odd volcanic ap- 
pearance. Villages are numerous and the landward 
view from the train offers an unending succession of 
pictures full of charm and interest. On the seaward 
side the contrast is complete. Across the peaceful 
Gulf, marches in lordly pomp the solemn procession 
of the mighty giants, Cithaeron, Helicon, Parnassus, 
Kiona, and Korax — on to the Golden Gate of 
Rhium and Antirrhium, which recalls not a little 

183 



184 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

the wonderful Western Portal of the American 
Continent. 

After leaving Corinth, we had a fine view of the 
ancient temple, with Acrocorinthus rising in the 
background. We sped through a level tract almost 
wholly devoted to currant vines. The trade in 
currants is perhaps the chief source of wealth to 
Greece at the present day. Sicyon is the first 
station of importance, and at this point we took 
leave, for a time, of literary and historical asso- 
ciations, — at least such as are connected with the 
classic days of Grecian story. After Sicyon we 
entered Achaea, where associations belong chiefly 
to the days of the decHne and the Roman Conquest. 
Phormio's naval victory in 429 b. c. took place not 
far from Naupactus, which was situated on the 
northern shore of the Gulf near its narrowest point; 
but to most minds the name — in its modern form 
of Lepanto — recalls the far more famous sea fight 
of A. D. 1570, when Don John of Austria shattered the 
Turkish fleet.^ Farther on is Missolonghi. Nothing 
in the annals of ancient Greece is more glorious than 
the story of this modern town. The desperate de- 
fence against the Turks, and the resistance of the 
inhabitants in spite of the most awful sufferings, 

* The scene of the battle was a long distance to the west- 
ward of Naupactus. In fact much of the fighting took place 
actually outside the mouth of the Gulf of Corinth. Cervantes 
lost an arm in the battle. 



OLYMPIA 1S5 



till the very last extremity, afford one of the most 
noble examples of heroism recorded in history. 
Those who criticize the conduct of the Greeks during 
the struggle for independence — and there is much 
to deplore — ought not to forget Missolonghi. 
Byron died here in 1824, and his heart is buried 
here. 

The Gulf expands beyond Rhium, and Mount 
Panaetolium appears far to the north. Nearer rises 
Aracynthus, at the feet of which lay the ancient 
Calydon, dear to lovers of Atalanta swift of foot. 
ApoUodorus tells the tale of the Calydonian hunt: 

" Of ^ Oeneus,^ Althaea bore a son Meleager who 
they say was really sprung from Ares. But when 
he was seven days old, they say that the Fates 
came and declared that Meleager would die, so soon 
as the brand burning on the hearth should be burned 
out. On hearing this. Althaea plucked the brand 
from the fire, and laid it in a chest. But Meleager, 
having grown to be a man invulnerable and noble, 
died in the following wise. Of the year's crops 
which grew in the land, Oeneus, sacrificing first 
fruits to all the gods, forgot only Artemis. But the 
goddess in wrath seiit a boar excelling in size and 
strength, who rendered the country sterile, and 
destroyed the herds and the men who crossed his 
path. Against this boar Oeneus summoned the 
noblest from all Greece, and to him who would slay 

^ ApoUodorus, i. 8. 2 ff. ^ King of Aetolia. 



186 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

the beast, he promised to give the hide as reward 
of valour. Now those who gathered to the hunt 
of the boar were these: . . . and Atalanta, daugh- 
ter of Schoeneus from Arcadia, and the sons of 
Thestios. And when they came together, Oeneus 
feasted them nine days. But on the tenth, when 
Cepheus and Ancaeus and certain others dechned 
to go forth to the hunt in company with a woman, 
Meleager, . . . wishing to win the love of Atalanta, 
compelled them to go with her to the hunt. Now 
when they had surrounded the boar, Hyleus and 
Ancaeus were destroyed by the beast, and Peleus 
accidentally pierced Eurytion with his javelin. 
But Atalanta first shot the boar in the back, and 
Amphiaraus next, in the eye. But Meleager smote 
him in the flank and slew him, and having received 
the hide gave it to Atalanta. But the sons of 
Thestios, deeming it shameful that a woman should 
win the prize when men were present, took from her 
the hide, saying that it properly belonged to them 
on the score of relationship, if Meleager chose not 
to keep it. Then Meleager in anger slew the sons 
of Thestios, and gave back the hide to Atalanta. 
But Althaea, in grief at the death of her brothers, set 
the brand on fire, and Meleager suddenly perished." 
A manuscript of Bacchylides was discovered in 
Egypt a few years ago, to which we are indebted 
for the fine poem from which the following descrip- 
tion of the fate of Meleager is taken. 



OLYMPIA 187 



(Heracles in Hades encounters Meleager who tells 
the tale:) 

" Then ^ him with tears addressing, Meleager: 

" 'Tis hard for men on earth 
The will of gods aside to turn — 
For Oeneus, smiter of the steed, 
The wrath of holy white-armed Artemis 

Had else appeased, 
My sire, by offerings of many goats 
And dun-backed bulls. 
But unsubdued her fury 
The maiden goddess kept, 
And sped to Calydon's fair fields 
A boar of prowess wide, in battle shameless. 
Where he, with deluge- might. 
The vineyard with his tusks did shear, 
Slaughter the herds and whosoe'er 

Of mortals came to face him. 
Right valiantly we heroes of the Greeks 
In hateful strife withstood him. 
Six days together, till at last 
Heaven gave th' Aetolians victory, and we buried 
Those whom the boar wild-roaring slew, 
Leaping with violence. 

• ......•a 

Thestios' daughter of valiant spirit, 
111 fated mother mine, 

* Bacchylides, v. 93 ff . 



188 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Contrived my death, woman of dauntless heart, 
And from the carven chest, 
The brand with swift doom fraught, 
With lamentation loud she took and bui-ned. 
But this when I was born, 
Destiny spun to be my bound of living. 

And short to me sweet Ufe 
With failing strength I knew. Alas! 
Breathing my latest breath I wept, 
Unhappy, splendid youth forsaking. 

" — They say Amphitryon's son. 
Who ne'er the battle shout had feared, 

Then only dewed his eyelids 
In pity for the fate of him who suffered; 
And answering thus he spake: 
'For mortals best unborn to be 
Nor e'er behold the splendour of the sun. 
But naught availeth us to mourn these 
things.' " 1 

Travellers to Olympia usually spend the night at 
Patras and take thence a morning train which 
reaches Olympia about noon. This journey round 
the corner of Peloponnesus is an interesting one. 
Landward we have fine views of Panachaicon and 

^ For the whole story see Swinburne's beautiful poem, 
Atalanta in Calydon. 



OLYMPIA 189 



Erymanthus — the haunt of the boar slain by 
Heracles — and seaward are the beautiful Ionian 
Islands. 

"Dulichion, Same, and woody Zacynthus." ^ 

Dr. Dorpfeld is an able champion of the doctrine 
that Leucadia, the Promontory of the Lover's Leap, 
is in reaUty the Ithaca of Odysseus; although the 
island now called Ithaca has held the name ever 
since the period immediately succeeding the time 
of Homer. The Ithaca of to-day seems to nestle 
under the protection of its mighty neighbour 
Cephallenia,^ which rears its snowy crown high out 
of a sapphire sea. 

" Rough,^ but a good nurse of heroes, I surely at 

least can discover 
No other land upon earth more sweet than the land 

of one's fathers." 

Olympia is at the confluence of the Cladeos and 
the Alpheios, the same Alpheios who wooed the 
unwilUng Arethusa, pursuing her beneath the sea 
even to distant Sicily where now: 

* Homer: Odyssey, ix. 24. 

' Probably the ancient Dulichion.. 

' Homer: Odyssey, ix. 27, 



190 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

" Like^ friends once parted 

Grown single-hearted 
They ply their watery tasks." 

Shelley is more musical than geographically exact 
when he places Arethusa's couch of snows on the 
Acroceraunian mountains which are in far ofif 
Epiros. 

" And ^ other such tales are related concerning 
the Alpheios, that he was a huntsman and that he 
loved Arethusa, and that she also was wont to hunt. 
And they say that Arethusa, unwilling to wed, 
passed over to the island near Syracuse, called 
Ortygia, and there from a woman became a fountain. 
And that from his passion the change to a river 
befel Alpheios also. These things belong to the tale 
of Alpheios with reference to Ortygia. But that 
he went through the sea and there (i. e. in Ortygia) 
mingled his waters with the fountain, it is not 
possible for me to disbelieve; for I know that the 
god at Delphi agrees with this, who when dispatch- 
ing Archias the Corinthian, to the colonization of 
Syracuse, spoke these words: 

''Ortygia lieth an isle in the misty waves of the 
ocean, 
Near the Trinacrian shore where gusheth the mouth 
of Alpheios, 

* Shelley: Arethusa. ^ Pausanias, v. 7. 2. 



OLYMPIA 191 



Mingling his waters with those of the fair-flowing 
fount Arethusa." 

The two rivers of Olympia held a prominent place 
in the Greek imagination. We find them mentioned 
frequently in poetry and prose, and their personi- 
fied forms occupied the corners of the eastern 
pediment of the great temple of Zeus. 

Perhaps nowhere in Greece can the beauty of early 
spring be better appreciated than at Olympia. 
Instead of the bare gray hills and stony plains to 
which we have become accustomed, green fields 
spread themselves under a warm sun far along the 
valley of the Alpheios till they reach the feet of 
the low hills which divide Elis from Arcadia. The 
oHve alone gives a sombre tone to a landscape. Here 
we have cheerful pine groves as well, crowning the 
surrounding hills, while the plain is dotted with fruit 
trees in full bloom, looking hke patches of snow- 
white cloud. Showers are frequent at this season, 
but so are the bursts of warm sunshine SaKpvoev 
yeXao-acrat Hke Andromache of old. Nothing can 
be more complete than the contrast between Delphi 
and Olympia. At Delphi the stern " gorge of the 
mountain " was a fit setting to the dark warnings 
uttered from the Pythian shrine; while here all is 
bright for the gay festival and the brilHant days of 
the Peace. 

The Hill of Cronos to the north of the Altis — 



192 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

or sacred enclosure of Zeus — affords a fine point 
of view from which to look down over the mass of 
ruins of temples, treasuries, gymnasia, halls, votive- 
offerings, and pedestals. Earthquake has made 
wild havoc of the works of man, and scarcely one 
stone has been left upon another. Of the many 
famous statues, nearly all were carried off by rob- 
bers, imperial and other, and it is to a happy chance 
that we owe the preservation of the beautiful Hermes 
of Praxiteles. A landsUde from this Hill of Cronos 
buried the statue in soft earth a few years before the 
earthquake which destroyed the temple of Zeus; 
and there in the Heraeum, within a few feet of the 
spot where Pausanias saw it nearly two thousand 
years before, the statue was found by German 
excavators. Part of the original pedestal remains 
where Pausanias saw it. 

By far the most stupendous ruin is the temple of 
Zeus. Nothing remains in place but the pavement. 
The earthquake tossed the great pillars in every 
direction, and the mighty drums He scattered 
east, west, south, and north. 

In the temple sat enthroned the masterpiece of 
Phidias, the gold and ivory Zeus — one of the 
Wonders of the World. Near by, the faithful could 
see in the pavement the mark made by the thunder- 
bolt which the god hurled in token of approval. 
The inspiration of the statue was drawn, it is sup- 
posed, from the hnes of the Ihad: 



OLYMPIA 193 



" Thus ^ spake the son of Cronos and nodded with 

dark gray eyebrows, 
Then in full strength flowed down the ambrosial 

locks of the monarch, 
Down from his head immortal; — and mighty 

Olympus was shaken." 

One can spend many an interesting hour in wan- 
dering through the ruins of the Temple, Council hall, 
Gymnasium, or Wresthng-court, of this wonderful 
precinct; but it is not within the scope of these 
pages to give a detailed account of them. Here 
and there we find some object of special interest 
such as the basis on which stood figures of the nine 
Greek warriors who drew lots for the duel with 
Hector. Nestor stood opposite, shaking the lots 
in his helmet: " * Nay,^ but not even those of you 
who are chieftains of the united Achaeans, do 
eagerly press forward to meet Hector face to 
face.' 

" Thus spake the old man chiding, but all nine 
rose up. First of all Agamemnon, Lord of men, 
started to his feet. Close upon him sprang up stout 
Diomed, son of Tydeus. Then, clad in warUke 
prowess, the Ajax pair; Idomeneus too, and Me- 
riones, his follower, rival to Enyalius, Slayer-of- 
men. Next after these rose Eurypylus, Euaemon's 
splendid son; then Thoas, son of Andraemon and 

^ Homer: Iliad, i. 528. ^ Homer: Iliad, vii. 159. 



194 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Odysseus the godlike. These all were eager to do 
battle with glorious Hector. Then in the midst 
Nestor, the Knight Gerenian, spake again: 

" * Shake now the lot right throughly to see 
whose portion this shall be. For that man shall 
bring blessing to the well-greaved Achaeans, aye, 
and his own soul shall bless, if it be his fortune to 
survive the foeman's sword and the cruel fray.' 
Thus spake Nestor, and each warrior marked his lot, 
and cast it into the helmet of Atrides Agamemnon. 
Then the people prayed and hfted up their hands to 
the gods. And thus spake each with eyes fixed on 
broad heaven: ' Oh Father Zeus, grant that the 
lot faU on Ajax or the son of Tydeus or on golden 
Mycenae's king himself.' Thus they prayed and 
Nestor, Knight Gerenian, shook the lots; and out 
from the helmet leaped the lot of him whom all 
desired. The lot of Ajax it was, and the herald 
carried it everywhere throughout the throng, and 
showed it in order due to each chief of the Achaeans. 
They recognized it not, and each denied it his. But 
when the herald, as he carried it throughout the 
throng, came to him who had marked and cast it in 
the helmet, to glorious Ajax; then verily the hero 
held forth his hand, and the herald approached 
and placed the lot therein. Then Ajax, when he 
scanned it, knew the mark of the lot, and rejoiced 
in heart. Then he cast it on the ground at his feet 
and spake: ' Oh friends, surely the lot is mine, 



OLYMPIA 195 



and greatly I rejoice in spirit; for surely I think to 
conquer godlike Hector.' " 

Below the now empty platform on which were 
built the Treasure-Houses of the various States 
which took a prominent part in the games, stood a 
row of statues of Zeus, known as Zanes, and inter- 
esting to us from the fact that they were put up at 
the expense of those who were judged guilty of 
having violated athletic rules. 

The Stadium seems not to have been provided 
with marble seats, as was the case at Athens and 
Delphi. The starting marks have been found and 
little else. The Hippodrome, where the great chariot 
races occurred, lay nearer the river, which has long 
since buried all traces of it under deep deposits of 
earth. 

The Olympic Games far surpassed in importance 
the periodic contests which took place at Delphi, 
the Isthmus, and other parts of Greece. Pindar 
sings of them: 

" Water ^ is best of things created 
And gold, as in the night a blazing fire, 
Shineth all lordly wealth beyond. 
But if, my heart, thou dost desire 

To sing of contests won, 
No longer seek for other planet 
Gleaming by day through ether waste 
» Pindar, 01. i. 1-10. 



196 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

With warmth beyond the sun, 
Nor can I tell of struggle than Olympia's nobler; 
Whence doth arise the hymn renowned, 
In poet's heart, 
The praise of Cronos' son to sound." 

The celebration of the Games was the supreme 
festival of the Hellenic world, and during the ''Holy 
Month " in which it took place,^ the Echecheiria, 
or Truce of God, produced for a moment a cessation 
of the almost perpetual fratricidal strife between the 
States of Hellas. Events in Greek history were 
dated by Olympiads, beginning with 776 b. c, when 
Coroebus was victor. It is curious to consider the 
parallel existing between ancient and modern highly 
civihzed peoples. Great Britain and the United 
States — and, it is said, Japan, a propos of the great 
wrestling contests — as did Hellas of old, indulge 
in the most extraordinary outbursts of enthusiasm 
over victors and victories in athletic sports, pugihsm, 
and horse-racing. In Greece, while the actual prize 
of victory might be merely a wreath of olive, pine, 
or laurel, the successful contestant was exalted 
to the skies. Poems were written in his honour. 
His native town received him in triumph, and heaped 
rewards upon him. Nay, the town itself became 
famous through his deed. The owner of a victorious 

^ From the 11th to the 16th, i. e. the time of the first fuU 
moon after the summer solstice. 



OLYMPIA m 

chariot, even the horses who won the race, furnished 
inspiration to the greatest poets of Greece. 

" White-armed ^ Calliope 
Here halt thy well wrought car 
And sing the Son of Cronos, 
Olympian Zeus, the ruler of the Gods, 
Alpheios with his stream unwearying, 
The might of Pelops sing and Pisa.^ 
Where famous Pherenicus,^ 
His feet in race victorious, 
Hath magnified 
Fair-towered Syracuse; to Hiero bringing 
The flower of Blessedness." 

Pindar never wearies of describing the sacred 
precinct of Olympia, and the reward that victory 
in the games vouchsafes to mortals: 

" Mother* of Contests golden crowned, Olympia, 
Mistress of Truth, where prophets seek 
To test by sacrifices burning, 
Zeus of the gleaming thunderbolt, if he 
Will grant response concerning 
Those men whose hearts are fain 

» Bacchylides, v. 176. 

2 The ancient metropolis of Elis near Olympia. 

' The celebrated race horse of Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse 

* 01. viii. 1-14. 



198 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Great glory and repose from toil to gain! 
The boon of piety their prayers obtain. 

" Fair forest-grove of Pisa by Alpheios, 
These pomps of offered wreaths receive. 
Great is for evermore his fame, on whom 
Thy glorious guerdon doth attend. 
On divers men divers rewards descend; 

And if the heavens bless, 
Many the paths which lead them to suc- 
cess." 

The chief treasures of the museum are the Hermes 
of Praxiteles, the Nike of Paeonius, and the Pedi- 
ment-sculptures and a few Metopes from the temple 
of Zeus. The Hermes is not very well placed. He 
carries on his arm the infant Dionysus, who, after 
his miraculous delivery from the thigh of Zeus, was 
entrusted to his elder brother to convey to the care 
of the nymphs. The serious, almost sad face is not 
what we might have expected from the pictures in 
literature of a sprightly god, noted for trickery and 
mischievous pranks. This Hermes does not belong 
to that morning of the world depicted in the Homeric 
hymn: 

" Then ^ she gave birth to a son of shifty and wily 
devices, 
^ Homer: Hymn Hermes, 13-23. 



OLYMPIA 199 



He was a thief, and a looter of cattle, conductor of 
dreamings, 

Spy of the night, gate-watcher was he, and quickly 
was destined 

Deeds of famous renown to manifest 'mid the 
immortals. 

Born at the dawning of light, at midday he played 
on the lyre. 

Evening beheld him the thief of the herds of Apollo 
Far-Darter, 

All on the first four days when queenly Maia had 
borne him. 

Now when he sprang to the light from the womb 
of his mother immortal. 

No long time did he lie in his sacred cradle repos- 
ing. 

Nay, with a leap he darted in quest of the herds of 
Apollo, 

Over the threshold, passing the gate of his high- 
roofed cavern." 

This Hermes belongs to the time when the world 
had become sophisticated, enlightened, and sad- 
dened; but he is very beautiful, and of priceless 
value as being the only original statue ^ in the world 
which was, we may confidently beUeve, the work 
of one of the great sculptors of the great period. 

* Omitting statues which were part of architectural orna- 
ment. 



200 IX GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

The sculptures of the Eastern Pediment represent 
the actors in the famous ston' of Pelops and Hippo- 
dameia. The founding of the Olympic festival is at- 
tributed to Heracles; but the contest of Pelops and 
Oenomaus is the m}i:hical protot^'pe of the famous 
races of historic times. 

*' The ^ Greeks say this M}Ttilos was son of Hermes, 
and that he was charioteer to Oenomaus, and when- 
ever anyone came wooing the daughter of Oeno- 
maus, M}Ttilos with skill urged on the horses of 
Oenomaus. while the latter, in the race, as he drew 
up on the suitor, would pierce him with his javelin." 

The story runs that Pelops bribed M}Ttilos to pull 
out the Knch-pin of the chariot of Oenomaus. This 
treachery- enabled the \'ictorious Pelops to visit 
Oenomaus with the punishment that had befaUen 
pre^dous suitors. Thus Hippodameia was won: 
but when M}Ttilos asked for his payment, Pelops 
hurled him into the sea, known henceforth — as 
some say — as the Mj-xtoan sea. The drowning 
man uttered a curse upon the family of Pelops, a 
curse the fatal consequences of which were worked 
out in succeeding generations:^ 

Electra exclaims: 

'^ Ah ^ Chariot-Race of Pelops, 
Laden with sorrow long ago, 

* Pausanias, viii. 14. 10. ^ See chapter vii. Mycenae. 
^ Soph.: Electra, 504-515. 



OLYMPIA 201 



How to our land thou earnest fraught with woe! 
For since the time when drowned Myrtilos slept, 
With grievous pains 
To utter ruin hurled from golden car, 
Ne'er from this house hath pain, 
Laden with sorrow gone afar." 

Pindar tells the story in the First Olympic Ode: 

" But* when at the fair-flowering age, 
Shadowed his dusky cheek the down. 
He thought of Hymen proffered. 
From Pisan father to obtain 
Hippodameia, her of fair renown. 

" Then, lone in darkness going 
Beside the hoary sea. 
He cried aloud on the god heavy thundering, 

God of the trident mighty, — he 
Came close beside his feet — and Pelops spake: 

" * If lovely gifts of Cyprian goddess please. 
Stay, oh Poseidon, Oenomaus' brazen spear, 
And carrying me on swiftest car to Elis, 

To glory bring me near. 
For lovers three and ten he slayeth. 
And thus his daughter's nuptials he delayeth.' 



1 Pindar, 01. i. 67 £f. 



202 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Thus spake he nor in vain his prayer. 

The God, him magnifying, 
Bestowed a chariot of gold, and steeds 

On wing unwearied flying. 
And low he laid King Oenomaus' pride 

And won the virgin bride.'' 

After gazing at the great calm Apollo, serene 
amid the uproar of wild Centaurs and Lapiths 
in the Western Pediment, and at the floating form 
of Nike, we reluctantly left the museum, and turned 
our steps to the station. For the journey was nearly 
ended, and to-morrow was to find us in Corcyra, 
bound for Italy. 



CHAPTER XII 

THE STORY OF NAUSICAA 

From the rains of March and the barren gray of 
mainland Greece a few hours brought us to sunshine 
and luxuriant spring. We could well believe that 
Corcyra was no other than the enchanting Scheria, 
the Island of the Phaeacians, and a drive through 
a land of flowers brought us to the very bay where 
Odysseus landed after long buffeting, as he swam 
by aid of Leucothea's wimple, and dropped alseep 
behind a coppice '* foredone with sleep and weari- 
ness." 

And this is the tale of Nausicaa: 

" Then * was Alcinotis king, and with wisdom from 

Heaven was gifted. 
So to his palace flew the gray-eyed goddess Athene, 
Seeking a means of return for Odysseus mighty of 

spirit. 
Into the inlaid chamber she entered, wherein the 

fair maiden 

* Homer: Odyssey, vi. 12 fif. 

203 



204 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Slept, in beauty of form resembling the goddesses 

deathless, 
Fair Nausicaa, child of Alcinoiis, mighty of spirit. 
Maidens attendant a pair, with beauty bestowed 

by the Graces, 
Slept at each side of the portal, and shut were the 

doors of the chamber. 
She, Hke a breath of the wind, sped close to the couch 

of the maiden. 
Over her head she stood, and thus with words she 

addressed her: 



* Why, Nausicaa, thus did thy mother bear thee 

neglectful? 
Lo, uncared for the heaps of ghttering raiment are 

lying! 
Nigh is thy bridal when thou must be clad in thy 

bravest attire 
Offering, too, fair robes to those who shall lead thee in 

marriage. 
'Tis from such things as these among men fair name 

is acquired. 
Ay, and they gladden the heart of one's father and 

reverend mother. 
Come let us hasten to wash them when dawn ap- 

peareth to-morrow. 
I too will follow to help in the labour, that thus the 

more quickly 



THE STORY OF NAUSICAA 205 

Thou mayest speed, not long thou remainest a 

maiden unwedded. 
Thee already the chieftains of all the Phaeacians are 

wooing, 
Chieftains throughout the land where thy race also 

belongeth. 
Come then, entreat thy sire renowned at dayhght 

appearing. 
Straightway to harness the mules and the wagon, 

that so it may carry 
Thee and the bundles of clothes, the girdles and 

glittering raiment. 
Thus it is better by far than on foot to accomplish 

the journey, 
Since from the city the road is long to the place of 

the washing.' 
Thus having spoken, the goddess departed, gray- 
eyed Athene 
Home to Olympus whereon, they say, is the seat 

of the blessed 
Ever secure, nor by wind is it shaken, nor ever by 

shower 
Wetted, nor resteth the snow there, but ether 

exceeding and cloudless 
Spreadeth abroad, and through all a splendour of 

whiteness pervadeth. 
Ever and ever therein delight them the blessed 

immortals — 



206 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Thither departed the Gray-eyed, her counsel be- 
stowed on the maiden. 

Straightway Aurora came, fair-throned, and wa- 
kened from slumber 

Fair-robed Nausicaa, she with wonder was filled 
at the vision. 

Straight through the palace she sped to carry the 
news to her parents, 

Father and mother beloved; and found them at 
home in the dwelhng. 

Close by the hearth her mother was sitting 'mid 
women attendant. 

Spinning the sea-purple wool of the distaff — her 
sire she encountered 

Forth from the door as he issued to join the illustri- 
ous chieftains, 

Where to the council hall he was called by the 
haughty Phaeacians. 

Standing close to his side, her father dear she en- 
treated: 

' Wilt thou not, dearest papa, bid harness the high- 
seated wagon? 

High, with the well-running wheels, that so I may 
take the fine raiment 

Down to the river to wash the clothes to my shame 
lying dirty. 

Nay, 'tis becoming to thee thyself in the midst of 
the nobles 



THE STORY OF NAUSICAA 207 

Councils to hold, thy person in garments spotless 

apparelled. 
Lo, in thy halls five sons have been born to thee, 

dearly beloved. 
Two are wedded, but still three others are bachelors 

blooming. 
These, to go to the dance with garments fresh from 

the washing. 
Ever are fain, and to me pertaineth the care of the 

matter.' 
Thus spake the maid, for she shrank to mention by 

name to her father 
Blossoming marriage; but all he perceived and thus 

he made answer: 
' Daughter, I grudge not the mules nor aught thy 

soul can desire. 
Go, and the servants for thee shall quickly harness 

the wagon 
High, with the well-running wheels, with a box-seat 

fitted upon it.' 
Thus he spake, and commanded the servants; 

who quickly obeyed him — 
Forth the wagon they drew well-running, and 

speedily harnessed. 
Leading the mules to the yoke, and bound them 

under the wagon. 
Then in a box the mother put food to gladden the 

spirit; 



208 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Food of all sorts and dainties, and wine she poured 

in a goatskin. 
Then did the maid ascend, and took her place on the 

wagon 
While in a golden flask her mother poured oil of the 

olive, 
So it might serve for ointment to her and her 

women attendant. 
Firmly she grasped the whip and the reins all ghtter- 

ing brightly, 
Flogging the mules till they ran; and great was the 

clatter that followed, 
VaUantly stretching along as they carried the 

clothes and the maiden. 
Not her alone, for with her rode other women at- 
tendant. 
Now when they came to the stream, the fair-flowing 

stream of the river, 
Where were the basins old for the washing, and 

water in plenty 
Gushed forth goodly and fair to cleanse the foulest 

of garments, — 
There when they came, the maids unharnessed the 

mules from the wagon, 
Loosed them and chased them down to feed by the 

eddjdng river, 
Honey-sweet clover wild, — and the garments out 

from the wagon 



THE STORY OF NAUSICAA 209 

Took in their arms, and o'er them they poured the 

water transparent. 
Then in basins quickly they trod them in rivalry 

eager. 
Now when the whole was washed, and cleansed each 

speck of defilement. 
Carefully laid in a row they spread them along by 

the seashore, 
Just where the pebbles were washed to the beach 

in greatest abundance. 
Then did the maidens bathe, and smoothly with oil 

anoint them. 
Luncheon they took as well beside the banks of the 

river. 
Waiting until the clothes should dry in the gleam of 

the sunlight. 
After the meal was enjoyed by attendant maidens 

and mistress. 
Casting their wimples aside, themselves with a ball 

they diverted. 
Fair Nausicaa leading the song meanwhile for the 

players. 
Like as when Artemis, Pourer of arrows, doth go 

o'er the mountain, 
Down through Taygetus far, or ranging throughout 

Erymanthus, 
Taking her joy in the chase of the boar and the 

deer swift-flying; 



210 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

On her attendant the Nymphs, of the Aegis-Bearer 

the daughters, 
Nymphs of the woodland sport, — and Leto's bosom 

rejoiceth. — 
Over them all she holdeth her head and her beaute- 
ous forehead, 
Easily known above all is she, though all are so 

comely. — 
Thus of her maidens she shone the first, the virgin 

unwedded. 
Now when the time was at hand once more to be 

homeward returning, 
When she had harnessed the mules, and folded the 

beautiful garments, 
Then a fresh plan was devised by the gray-eyed 

goddess Athene 
So that Odysseus might wake, and behold the 

beautiful maiden, 
Her who would show him the way to the town of the 

hero Phaeacians. 
Then did the princess throw the ball at a maiden 

attendant. 
Lo, the attendant she missed, and it fell in the deep- 
flowing eddies. 
Loud did the maidens shriek, and godlike Odysseus 

awakened. 
Sat him upright, and thus in his heart and spirit he 

pondered: 



THE STORY OF NAUSICAA 211 

' Ah me, whither again am I come, to the land of 
what mortals? 

Can they be doers of outrage, and lawless nor 
knowers of Justice? 

Or are they kind to strangers, with godhke char- 
acter gifted? 

Lo, to mine ears there hath come the female crying 
of maidens. 

Nymphs can they be, who inhabit the lofty tops of 
the mountains? 

Or peradventure the springs of the rivers and grass- 
covered meadows? 

Or am I somewhere near to men who are gifted with 
language? 

Come, let me test them myself, and with mine own 
eyes behold them ! ' 

Thus he spake, and emerged from the coppice, the 
godhke Odysseus. 

Horrid appeared he before them, disfigured by 

brine of the ocean — 
Hither and thither in panic the maids ran out to 

the headlands. 
Only Alcinous' daughter remained, for the goddess 

Athene 
Courage had put in her heart, from her limbs all 

terror removing. 
Holding her ground she stood, and he pondered, 

the wily Odysseus 



212 IN GREECE WJTH THE CLASSICS 

Whether to clasp her knees and entreat the beauti- 
ful maiden, 
Or, as he was, at a distance, with honey-sweet words 

to beseech her. 
So she might show him the road to the city, and offer 

him raiment. 
While he was pondering thus, it seemed the greater 

advantage 
Standing aloof at a distance with honey-sweet words 

to entreat her, 
Lest in her heart she be wroth if he clasped the 

knees of the maiden. 
Forthwith honey-sweet words in crafty speech he 

addressed her: 
' Queen, I embrace thy knees, be thou or goddess or 

mortal. 
For if a goddess thou art of those who hold the 

broad heaven. 
Surely to Artemis then, of Zeus most mighty the 

daughter. 
Closest resembhng I deem thee in form and beauty of 

stature. 
While if of mortals thou art who the face of the earth 

inhabit. 
Then thrice blessed are they, thy father and rever- 
end mother. 
Yea and thrice blessed thy brothers as well; their 

spirit full surely 



THE STOHY of NAtTSICAA 213 

Ever for thy sweet sake is warmed with pride and 
with gladness, 

When such a blossoming flower they see as thou 
treadest the dances. 

Ah, and most blessed in heart that man, all others 
surpassing, 

He who shall load thee with gifts and home in mar- 
riage conduct thee. 

Never have I before with mine eyes beheld such a 
mortal, 

Man nor woman, as thou — Awe seizeth me gazing 
upon thee. 

Thus, fair lady, on thee I look with awe and amaze- 
ment, 
Dreading to clasp thy knees. — Yet cruel grief is 

upon me. 
After a score of days I escaped the wine-purple 

ocean. 
Yesterday, where meantime the waves and tempests 

had tossed me 
Far from Ogygia's Isle, and Heaven hath driven 

me hither 
Evils to suffer e'en here no doubt, for surely I think 

not 
Yet will they cease — ere this, the gods will wreak 

many misfortunes. 
Nay, but oh Queen, take pity, for, after labours 

unnumbered. 



214 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

First unto thee have I come, while aught of the 

others I know not, 
Aught of the men who sway the rule of this people 

and city. 
Point me the road to the town, and give me a gar- 
ment to clothe me. 
If thou didst keep of the robes some wrapping when 

hither thou camest. 
Then may the gods to thee grant all thy heart can 

desire, 
Husband and home, and bestow a goodly spirit 

of concord. 
Surely than this there is nothing more blessed nor 

more to be prayed for. 
Namely than when, in spirit agreeing, a wife and a 

husband 
Dwell in a house together — to evil wishers a sorrow, 
But to their friends a joy — and deepest their own 

hearts perceive it.' " 



Nausicaa promises to grant the request of Odys- 
seus, and tells him who she is. Then she calls to 
her frightened maidens: 

" Thus spake the princess and called her command 

to her fair-tressed attendants: 
' Stand, oh, maidens, I pray. Beholding a man 

whither fly ye? 



THE STORY OF NAUSICAA 215 

Surely ye do not fancy that he is some evil-wisher? 

Nay, there existeth not that living man nor shall 
ever, 

Who to the land of Phaeacia shall come hostility 
bearing. 

Nay, for exceeding dear are we to the blessed im- 
mortals. 

Far, far away from mankind we dwell in the billowy 
ocean. 

Uttermost, nor to these shores do foreigners bring 
us their commerce. 

This is some ill-starred man who hath come in his 
wanderings hither. 

Him let us kindly entreat, for Zeus hath under pro- 
tection 

Strangers and beggars all, and a gift is blessed 
though scanty. 

Wherefore, oh maidens, give both meat and drink 
to the stranger, 

Bidding him bathe in the stream where rocks from 
the wind give a shelter.' " 



• o 



Odysseus bathes and dresses, and the goddess 
endows him with unwonted beauty. 

" Thus the goddess on him poured grace, on his head 

and his shoulders. 
Then he withdrew to a distance, and sat by the 

shore of the ocean, 



216 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Glowing with beauty and grace; and the princess 

gazed in amazement. 
Straightway therefore she spake in the midst of her 

fair-braided maidens: 
' Hear me, ye white-armed maidens, I pray, that 

I something may tell you: 
Surely 'tis not without will of all gods who dwell on 

Olympus, 
Yonder stranger hath come to consort with the 

godlike Phaeacians. 
Tis but a short space since, I thought him unseemly 

to look on. 
Now he resembleth the gods who inhabit the wide- 
spreading heaven. 
Oh that a man like this might be called my own 

wedded husband. 
Dwelling in this our Isle, and that here to abide 

might please him! 
Maidens, offer, I pray, both meat and drink to the 

stranger.' 
Thus Nausicaa spake, and they verily heard and 

obeyed her. 
Meat to Odysseus and drink they offered, and set 

it beside him. 
Then did he drink and eat, the much enduring 

Odysseus, 
Greedily, — long had he been untasted of food 

and of drinking. 



THE STORY OF NAUSICAA 217 

White-armed Nausicaa now of new devices bethought 

her. 
Folding the garments she placed them within the 

beautiful wagon, 
Harnessed the strong-hoofed mules, and up herself 

she ascended. 
Next she summoned Odysseus, and speaking his 

name she addressed him : 
* Rouse thee, stranger, to go to the city that I may 

escort thee 
Unto the house of my father, the valiant of heart, 

where I tell thee 
Thou shalt behold the noblest of all the princely 

Phaeacians. 
See that thou act as I bid, for thou seemest not 

without wisdom. 
While through the fields we go, and are passing the 

labours of farmers. 
Meanwhile thou with the maids, behind the mules 

and the wagon, 
Quickly proceed, and I the while on the road will 

conduct thee. 
When, however, we come near the town with battle- 
ments lofty, 

Gossip unseemly I fain would avoid, lest some in 

the future 
Blame me, for they in our city are hard and haughty 

of temper. 



218 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Lest some gossip malicious may say, if he chanceth 

to meet us: 
"Who is this, goodly and tall, attending Nausicaa 

yonder? 
Where did she find the stranger? Her husband he 

doubtless is promised. 
Surely some outcast wretch she hath saved from the 

wreck of his vessel. 
Some one of men from afar, since none have dwelling 

beside us. 
.Or in response to her prayers, some god, full often 

entreated, 
Down from heaven hath come, and all her days she 

will keep him. 
Better no doubt that herself hath sought and found 

her an husband, 
Coming from far, for those of her own native land 

she contemneth! " 
Thus will they say, and to me 'twiU be a theme of 

reproaching.' '* 



She points out a grove not far from the town, 
where he is to sit and wait: 

'"Sit thou there, and abide for a time, until at the 

city 
We may arrive, and reach the door of the house of 

my father. 



THE STORY OF NAUSICAA 219 

Then when thou thinkest that we have come at last 

to the palace, 
Come thou too to the town of Phaeacians and see 

thou enquire 
Where is the house of my father Alcinoiis, mighty 

of spirit. 
Easy to know is the place, and even a child might 

direct thee, 
Innocent child, for to this the houses of other 

Phaeacians 
No wise resembling are built, like the house of 

Alcinotis hero. 
Now when the court and palace contain thee, see 

that thou quickly 
Pass through the hall, nor stop till thou come to the 

side of my mother. 
Her thou shalt find on a seat near the hearth, in the 

gleam of the fire. 
Spinning the sea-purple wool of the distaff, a marvel 

to gaze on, 
Leaning against a pillar, and near her her women 

are seated — 
There too my father's throne is placed next that 

of my mother. 
Seated whereon like a god he quaffeth the wine of ' 

the banquet. 
Passing him by, thine arms about the knees of my 

mother 



220 IN GREECE WITH THE CLASSICS 

Cast in entreaty, that so the day of thine homeward 

returning 
Thou may est speedily see with joy, though from far 

thou art travelled. 
For if she in her soul be kindly disposed to thy 

praying, 
Then there is hope for thee to behold thy friends 

and to journey 
Home to thy well-built house, and to reach the land 

of thy fathers.' 
Thus she spake, and lashing the mules with the whip 

all glitt'ring. 
Quickly departed, and left the flowing streams of the 

river. 
Well did the mules run on and plied with their feet 

in curvings. 
Bravely she guided the reins that the others might 

follow behind her. 
Maids and Odysseus on foot, and the lash she laid 

on with discernment." 

Once more only, we catch a glimpse of the prin- 
cess, who now knows his story: 

" Out ^ from the bath he went to join the ranks of the 

feasters. 
While Nausicaa fair, from gods her beauty possess- 
ing, 
^ Homer: Od., viii. 456 £f. 



THE STORY OF NAUSICAA 221 

Close to the threshold stood of the strong-built 

banqueting chamber. 
When she beheld with her eyes, she greatly admired 

Odysseus, 
And, having called him aloud, with winged words 

she addressed him: 

* Farewell, guest, and afar some day in thy father- 

land dwelling, 
Think thou of me, for thou owest to me the price of 

thy rescue.' 
Answering her with words, the crafty Odysseus 

addressed her: 

* Oh Nausicaa fair, great-hearted Alcinoiis daughter. 
So may Zeus decree, loud-thundering husband of 

Hera, 
Home that I come, and behold the day of return 

from my roaming, 
That even there unto thee, as to goddess, my prayers 

I may utter. 
Ever through all my days, for thou gavest life to 

me, maiden.' " 

The ship sailed westward, and at sunset we bade 
farewell to Greece, as the pink glow faded on the 
snows of the Acroceraunian mountains. 

THE END. 



APPENDIX 



Page s 

^Q IJavoc daKrjfxara Kal 
7zapauXcC,ooaa nkzpa 
liuxojdeac MaKpdcc, 
*cva ^opouc orecj^ouoi nodolv 
'AypauXou Kopac xpcjovoc 
arddia x^oepa npb Ilakkddoc 
vawv, GUpcyyojv 
U7t ' awXac ccLX^C 
upLViov, orav oDkcotg 
aup£^r]c, (I) Udv, 
TOiGC oocc ^v dvTpoic, 
"cva TSKouod Tie napdkvog, (b fieXka, 
^pkipog 0oc^(o Tzzavocc e^cbpi^ev Oocvav 
drjpoi T£ focv'cav dacra, ncKpcbv ydfiojv 
u^pcv. OUT ' knc KepKcocv ours Xbyocg 
(pdviv a'iov EUTui'cag p.s'ck'/^ecv 
deodev x'eKva dvaxo'cg. 

— Euripides, Ion, 492-509. 

Page 8 

XO . Xacpere io!ipsx^ kv alaiiitatat nXobzoo. 
Xoiper ' darcKoc hihc, 'cKxap TjfX£VOi Jioc, 
Ttapdkvou (f)cXac (fy'iXoi oajcfypovouvrec kv ^povo). 

223 



224 APPENDIX 

Ua/JAoof o ' uTzb rz-tpolc b'^zag a!^e7ai rzazi^p. 

AS. XcupsTs yjjij^'cg' Tzpo'kpa)^ o' iak ypfj 

GTc'cyecv 6a/id(io'Jc OLTZodec^ouaav 

Tzpbg 4^(1) g hpbv Td>yoc TzporzofjTzcjv. 

iZz, Kcu a6ay£(jjv xibvd ^ UTzb ozfivujv 

Kara yf^c a'JUz]^(u to jjsv d'Tipbv 

yjjjpac Ka'kyecv, rb ok KzooaAzo)/ 

Tzkfjszzcv Tzbhcog hzl wkt^ ' 

ufislc o' rjyfcode, T.ohoGobyo: 

7:a2diC Kpa\,aod, zaiode iiz-oiKOig, 

ecTj ' dyaddyv 

dyadri did\^oca zo/^zouc. 

XO. Xaup-zB, yaipsze o' oLOcc, s^ai^diTzAo'^^oj, 

TrdvTsr ol /card nro/rv, ocuao^'kc t£ koI ^pozol, 

IlaXXddog TzoAr^ )ykfioi^7BC' uszocfdav d^ ^MV 

sdoe^oOi^TzC out: jjsju^'eade o'jiic^opdg j^'iou. 



nponoMnoi 

Pdzc do tup. ozydAoc c^iAoziaoc 

N'jKzbc Tzalo-c dzacotc 'jt, ' tiicppo^^t 7:o/i7:qy 

{s'j(papi£'cz- OB, yojplzac,) 

jdg UTzb KB'jdeotv ibyuy'cocGCv 

Zifioug KGu duGiouar^ utzoI r.'jpiohzzot 

{L'jpaa-ize ob rzai-oaai,) 

^CAaOi OB KOU B'jd'JC^pOVBC jd 

OB'Jp iZB iBfll^Oi, ci>v r.'jpiOaTZZCO 

Xd/mq ZBp7zbiJZ'j(u KaO ^ bobi/' 

oXoA'J^aZB VUV kizl jlOATZOUC' 

OTiOvdcu d ' BCGOTzcv kvodoBg 7zwv. 
naXXdooc dGZo'cc Zbuc b rzai^oTzzac 



APPENDIX 225 



ouTOj Mocpd T£ auyKark^a. 
6X0X6$ are vbv knc fioXnac^. 

— Aeschylus, Eumen. 949-972, 986-999. 

jPage 12 
Tc yap Xaphcov dyaTnjvdv 
^Avdpcbnocg aTidveudsv; dsi x^^pheaatv apt ' ecr}v. 

— Theocritus, Id. xvi. 108-109. 

Page 12 
Ka<^tac(j)v uddrojv 

Xaioiaac aiTe vakre KaXX'cnwXov Wpav 
(h XcTtapdg doidcfioi ^aacXecac 

Xdptxeg 'Op^ofievoO, naXacjbvoji) Mcvudv kniOKonoc, 
kXut\ knee euy^ufiac. abv upLfiev yap rd re zepTzvd koc 
zd yXuKea -fcyvexac ndvra ^poTocg, 
el GO(j)bg, el KaXbc, el xtg dyXadc dvijp, 
o'6zs yap Oeol oejivdv Xaphcov drep 
Kocpaveocatv xopouc oure dalrag' dXXd Tzdvxojv ra/ieac 
epyojv ev oupavco, ^puaoTo^ov Okfievac izapd 
Iludcov 'AnoXXcova dpbvoug 
devaov oepovn naxpbg ^OXupLTzcoco re/idv. 
(I) Ttbzvt ' 'AyXdla 

<j>cXriGcnoXTce r ' Eucppoauva, 6ea)v Kpauozou 
naldec, eitdKoog fkveu, daXia ze 
epaaifjioXne, Idocoa zbvde Kd)jj.ov en ' euptevel zu^ci^ 
Kou(j)a ^c^obvza' —Pindar, Ol.xiv. 1-17. 

Page 16 
cv eAacag 
7tp(bzov edei$e KXddov yXauKdc 'Addva, 
oupdvcov ozk(j)avov, Xcnapaloc ze Kbop.ov ^AdrjvaiC" 

— Euripides, Tro. 798-800. 



226 APPENDIX 



Fage 2S 

dkvaoc Ne^kXaCf 

dpdojpLev (feavepac dpoaepav (j>uacv eudyrjToVy 

Tzaxphg an ' 'QKeavou ^apuaxkog 

uil)T]X(ji)v bpkayv Kopu^dg km 

dsvdpoKojiouc, tva 

T7)X£(f)av£lc oKoncdg dcpopcofxeda, 

Kapnouc T ' dpdo/xkvav hpdv ^Obvaf 

Kol noTapLcbv ^adkctjv KeXadrj/iara, 

Kol Ttbvxov KeXddovra ^apu^pofxov 

bpLpta fdp aldkpog dKd/xarov oeXaj-elzac 

[xapnapkacc kv ojuyacg, 

dXX ' dnoasiadjuevai vk(f)og bfi^pcov 

ddavdrac cdkag kncdibiieOa 

TTj^^eoKonq) bp-fiaxi jacav. 

Tzapdkvoi 6p^po(j)6poc, 

'iXdiopev XcTzapdv x^^^^ UaXXddoCj euavdpov jdv 

KeKpoTzof 0(1)6 psvai TtoXuTjparov 

o5 ak^ac dpprjTOJV hpojv, ^cva 

puccodoKog dopoc 

kv zeXsTdcc djcacg dvadsiKvuzac, 

oupavcocg T£ Oeolg dcoprj/iara, 

vaoc 6 ' u(l)epe<j)elg koc dydXpara, 

Koc npbaodoc paKdpojv hpujxazac, 

euazkcpavoi ze decbv dualac daX'cac ze, 

Tzavzodanacc kv copacc, 

Tjpc z ' kTtspxofikvcp Bpopca xdpcCj 

euKeXddoJv ze x^P^"^ kpeO'copaza, 

Kal MoOaa ^apuppofioc odXujv. 

— Aristophanes, Clouds, 275-290, 299-313. 



APPENDIX 227 



Page 21 

XO. edcnnou, ^kve, Tdads x^P^C 
"cKoo TOL Kpanara ydg InaoXa, 
Tovd ' dpyrjza KoXwvdv, evd ' 
d Xifsca pLivuperac 
6a/ic^ouaa fidXcaz ' a-qdcbv 
X^copdec onb ^daaacc, 
Tov olv<J)7ta vkjiiouaa Kcaabv 
KOt zdv a^arov deoo 
(j)uXXdda fiopcoKapnov dvqXcov 
dvrjvefiov re ndvrcov 
X^ciiihvojv' ?v ' 6 paKx^cozac 
dee Acbvuao^ epL^areusi 
decacg dii<f)C7toX(jjv redrjvaec' 
ddXXec d ' oupavcac on ' dxyac 
b KaXXc^oTpug Kax ' T]liap del 
vdpKcaaoc, /xsydXaiv deacv 
dpxoieov arecffdvcopi', b re 
XpuaawjfTjc KpoKoc odd' dunvot 
Kpfjvac /livudouoiv 
Krj(j)caou vofiddeg pekdpojv, 
aAA acev en rjfiare 
wKUTOKoc Tzedccjv encvioaerac 
dKrjpdrq) $uv bpt^pq) 
Gzepvouxoo x^ovbg' oude Mouadv 
Xopoc viv aTzeozuyTjoav, odd ' odv 
a xp^^o.vtog ^A(j)podiza. 

— Sophocles, Oed. Col. 668-693. 



228 APPENDIX 



Page 28 

knel d ^ dcficKTO rov KarappdKrrjV bdov 
j^aXKolc ^ddpocac Yf)dev kppc^coiikvov, 
eoTT] KeXeudojv kv noXuaxiOTUJV jicq, 
KocXou nkXag Kpazfjpoc, ou rd Uecpcdou 
d-qokcoc ^^ Kelra'c tzcgt^ del ^ov6rj[iaza' 
dcj) ' ou jikoov Gxdc TOO re SopcKcou nkrpoo 
Ko'ckrjg T ' d^epdou Kdnb Aacvou xd(j)Oi), 
Kadk^er', elz ' eXuoe dunancveig axoXdC 
KanecT^ duaag nacda^ rjvcxjyec pux(bv 
uddrojv kveyKEcv Xourpd koc ;foaf noOev, 
x<h d ' EuiXbou Arifn)Tpog dc £7:6(piOv 
ndyov {xoXouoa rdad ' kncoToXag narpl 
zaxec ^nbpeuaav $uv ^pbvq), Xourpocc zk vtv 
kodrjzi t' k^rjaKTjaav y vofxcl^ezac. 
knel de navzbg £?/£ dpobvzoc Tjdovijv, 
KOUK fjv 'iz ' dpybv oudkv ojv k(f>iezo, 
KzuTTTjos filv Zeuc X^ovcoc, ac ds napOkvoc 
^ ppcyqoav, (bf rjKouaav, eg dk youvaza 
Ttazpbg neaouaac ^ Kkaiov, odd ' dvceaav 
ozkpvojv dpayfiobc oude 7tap.fii)Kecc yboug. 
b d' d)^ dKouei ^dbjyov s$ac(f>vifjc TtiKpbv, 
Tczo^ag £71^ ojuzdcc xecpoic ecTzev "Q zkKva, 
ouK eaz ' 'id ' uptlv zjjd ' kv rjpikpq Ttazrjp. 
oXcoXe yap d-q ndvza zdfid, koukezc 
ZTjV duTzbvTjzov e^ez' dficj)^ kjiol zpo(f)rjV' 
OKXrjpdv fikv, olda, ndidec, dXX ' ev yap jibvov 
zd Tcdvza Xuec zauz' stioc fJtoxOrjfxaza' 
zb yap <j)cXecv ouk sgzcv l<f ozou nXkov 
^ zoude t' dvdpbg 'iaxeO \ ou zif)zcb/j.evac 



APPENDIX 229 



TO XocTzbv T^dr) tov /?^ov dcd^eze. 
TOiaur' kn^ dXXriXocGcv dii(f)CKeciievoc 
Xuydfjv BKXaiov ndvTeg. (bg dk npog xkXog 
ybcov d(f>iKovz' odd' 'iz' cbpcbpec ^otj, 
T)v fikv GcajTZT], (f>6kYfia d' k^accjivqg zcvbc 
doju^ev auzbv, cooxe ndvzag bpO'cag 
OTTJaac 4>b^co, decoavxac, i^accfujrjc Tpc^O'C* 
KaXel yap auzbv noXXd noXXa-p] Oebg' 
^Q ouTOc ouTOf, Old'cTzouc, t: iikXXofxev 
'/^copelv) TzdXac drj r' d7i:b oou ^paduvezaij 

b d' (be £7I7j(7d£T' £K dsOU KaXoUjISVOC, 

audq ixoXelv ol yfjc dvaKxa drjoka. 
Kdizec npoafjXdev, elnev. ^Q (j)cXov Kapa, 
dbc fxoc X^pbc OTJc ncarcv dp^a^ai' rsKVOiC' 
ufis'ic ^£> na'cdeg, rcode' Kal Kazacvsoov 
pLi^TZOTe npodibaeiv rdad ' skcov, reXslv d ' ba' dv 
HkXXjjc <j)povd)v £u ^uficjikpoiiT' aurdic d£L 
b d\ d>c dvTjp 'f£Vvacog, ouk okuou {ikra 
KaT7Jv£G£V xdd ' opKcoc dpdo£cv $£vq). 
onojc dk zauT ' £dpaa£V, £udbc Ocd'inouc 
(paifoac dfiaopdic X^P^^^^ ^^ Ttacdujv XkycC' 
^Q nacd£, zXdaa XPV ^^ y£vvaiov ^p£vc 
XOJps'i'^ zbncov £K zcbvd£, fifjd ' a fir} dkficc 
X£uaa£cv dcKacobv, pLTjdk (J)covouvz(l>v kXu£cv, 
dXX ' £p7Z£d ' (hg zdxioza' teXtjv b Kopcoc 
6rja£uc napkazoj fiavddvcov zd dpcb{X£va. 
Toaauza (pcovrjaavzof £la-r}Kouaa[i£v 
$uiJ.navz£c' dazaKzc dk abv zdcc napdkvacc 
GZ£VOVZ£C (blXapZOUfl£V' (x) ^ d' d7zi]Xdo}i£Vj 
Xpovq) ^pax^'c GZpacj)£VZ£f, £^aK£cdoii£v 
zbv dvdpa zbv fikv ouda/j.ou napbvz ' 'izc, 



230 APPENDIX 



dvaKxa d ' auzov dfi/idzcov kncoKcov 
X^~cp^ durexovra Kpazbc; (he decvou nvoc 
(})bpou (jiavkvTog odd ' dvaa^ezoO ^Xknecv. . 
'ineiza jikvzoc ^acov oudl guv ^povco, 
bpcdfjLev auzov y/jv zs npoaKuvouvd ' dfia 
Koc zbv Oeibv ^OXofinov sv zauuzip Xbyo). 
fibpii) d ' OTroiCi) Kelvoc wXez ' odd ' otv e^ 
dvT]Z(bv (j)pda£C£, nXy}v zb dt^Gkojg ndpa, 
00 ydp zcg auzbv ooze 7tup(j)bpoc Oeou 
Kepauvbg k^'enpa^ev, ouze novz'ca 
OueXXa Kcvqdecaa zco zbz ' kv xpovco, 
dXX ' 7J Z£C kn decbv noimbg t) zb vepzkpujv 
euvouv dcaazdv yfj^ dXuTzijzov pddpov. 
dvr)p yap od ozevaKzbg oudl guv vogocc 
dXyecvbc k^sTrk/iTtez ' , dXX' ec zic ^pozcov 
dau/xaGzbc- £'i dk fxrj doKO) ^povcbv Xkjsiv, 
ouK dv nape'i/xTjv oIgc /j.7) doKco (j)pove2v. 

— Sophocles, Oed. Col. 1 590-1666. 

■Page 33 
XO. ^Ep^x^ddac zb naXacbv oX^coCy 
Kol deojv naideg ptaKapcov, hpdg 
yiiipdQ dnopO-qzou z ' d7!:o<f)£p^bfievoi 
KXecvozdzav GO<f)iav, del dcd Xap.npozdzoo 
^acvovzeg d^pcoc acOkpoc, 'ivda nod ' dyvdc 
kvvka IIcEpcdac MouGag XkjouGt 
^avddv 'Apfiovcav (f>uzeuGae' 

zou KaXXcvdou z ' dnb Kr](f)£GOu podc 
zav KuTtpiv kXjjI^ougcv dcpuGGafikvav 
X(i>pa'^ KazanveuGac (iszpiag dvefxcov 



APPENDIX 231 



"^duTcvoouc aupag' dec d ' knipakXofikvav 
^accacaiv sucodr] podkcov tzXokov dvdkojv 
xq. aocf)cq napkdpoug nkfinecv epojrag, 
navTocag dpexdg ^uvepyouf. 

— Euripides, Medea, 824-845. 

^'OX^coc ocTcg Idojv £K£~iva KocXav 

ecacv unb iQbva' oldev /xev ^'iou [Kecvog] zsXsuzdv, 

oldev de dcbgdoxov dp^dv, 

— Pindar, Thren. 8. 

-Page 38 

XO. d-qv bdi . , , 

XapiTtdaiv dKracc, 
o5 Tcbzvcac Gefxvd ndrivoOvrai rkXi) 
OvaTo'cGcv, (hv Koc xpuoka 

KXjic ^Tti, yXibaoq pk^aKS, npooTtbXcov EdfioXncddv' 
— Sophocles, Oed. Col. 1044-1052. 

Page 38 

XO. ^COpBCT^ 

vuv cpbv dvd kukXov dedc, dv6o(j>bpov dv ^ dXaoc 

na'cl^ovTeg olg pLsrouaca OeocjicXouc koprrjc. 
AI. eyd) de guv tocgcv Kopacc £^/«^ k^o} yuvac^lv, 

ou Tzavvux'cC^ouGcv deq., (f)eiryoc Ipbv o'cgojv, 
XO. ^wpajfiev if noXoppbdoog 

Xecucbvag dvdefxcbdecc, 

rbv Tj/xerepov rpbnov, 

zbv KaXXcxopd)TaTov, 

nac^ovrec, ov bX^cac 

Molpac ^uvdyouGcv. 



232 APPENDIX 



fibvocc yap rjfuv rjkioc 
Kac ^kyyoc IXapbv kauv, 
oaoc fxsfiuTjfJied ' eu- 
oe^fj re dirjyo/xev 
zpoTzov nepl zobg ^kvoog 
Kac Toug cdcojTac. 

— Aristophanes, Frogs, 440-459. 

XO. '^laKx', d) noXoTijnjz' kv edpcuc hddde vauojv, 
"laK^ \ (b ^^laKyt, 
kXdk rovd ' dva Xscjjwva j^opsuacov, 
bacoug kg dcaacbxac, 
TtoXuKapnov filv rcvdaacov 
Ttepc Kparl aij^ ^puovza 
G'ck<jiavov impzojv' dpaael d' kjKazaKpouojv 
nodi zdv dKbXaazov 
(piXonacypiova zcfxaVy 

Xaphojv TzXecazov 'ixouaav nkpog, dyvdv, hpdv 
oGcocc fiuazoic ;fo/?£^av. 

XO. eysipe ^Xoykag Xafinddag kv x^P^^ T^P ^'^^^ 
zevdaoojv, 
"laKX ' , oj "laK^s, 
vuKzkpou zeXezfjc cf)ioa(f)bpoc dazrjp. 
<f)Xoyc ^kyyezac dk Xecfjxxjv 
ybvo TtdXXezac yepbvzojv 
dnoGecovzac de Xunag 
Xpovcoug z ' kz(ji)v naXaed)V hcauzouc, 
lepdg bnb zejxdc. 
GO de XapLTcdde <j)kyya)v 



APPENDIX 233 



npo^ddifjv £$ay ' en ' dvdrjpov eXecov ddnedov 
loponocov, fiaKap, Tj^av. 

— Aristophanes, Frogs, 324-352. 

J'age 40 

J7j/n)zp' TjUKOfiov, aepLVTjv debv, dpxoii^ decdetVy 
ODTTjV ijde duyarpa Tav6o(j)upov, fjv ^Acdojvebg 
r)pna^ev, dcoKev de j^apu Kruno c eupubna Zeuc, 
vbacjicv J^fnjTpoc xp^^^^opou dyXaoKdpnou 
nacC,ouoav Koupjjac obv ^QKeavoo PaduKoXnoc^y 
dvded T ' ahu/ikvr^v, pbda koc Kpbnov ^d ' ca KaXd 
Xsifiojv ' djj. ixaXaKov koc dyaXXcdag rjd ' odKcvdov 
vdpKcoabv 6 \ ov (f)uae dbXov KaXuKcbncdc Koupj) 
Faca Acbc ^ouXjjOi x^pil^onkvrj UoXudkKTj], 
Oanfxaaxbv yavbcovxa' ok^ag xb ye ndacv cdkadai 
ddavdrocc re deolc ^^£ dvrjxdcg dvdpcbnocc 
TOO KOC dnb pi^TjC eKaxov ndpa k^ene^uKec, 
kJ)^' rjdiaT' bdiiTj, ndc d' oupavbg eupbc unepOs 
yald re ndo ' eyeXaaae koc dXptopov oWpta OaXdoGTig, 
fj d' dpa dajj-l^rjoaa ' wpe^aro x^P^^^ ^i" ' d/j.<j)a> 
KaXbv ddup/xa Xa^elV x^^^ ^^ x^^^ eupudyuca 
NuGcov dp. nedcov, rfj opouoev dva^ noXudeyfiajv 
"innocc ddavdrocoi, Kpbvou noXucovupoc ulbc- 
dpnd^ag d ' deKOoaav enl xp^^^'^^cacv oxococv 
^y ' bXo(f)upopevr)v' Idx^ioe d' dp^ opOca (fxovfjy 
KeKXopkvr] narkpa Kpovcd-qv unarov koc dpcarov. 
oude nc ddavdrcov oude di'Tjrojv dudpajncov 
rjKouGev (fxovrjf, oud ^ dyXabKapnoc eXo2ai' 
el pij Uepaaiou Ouydr'qp draXd <jxpoveouoa 
acev e$ dvrpou, ^EKdr-q XinapOKprjde/xvoc, 
'HkXibc re dva$, '^Tnepcovog dyXabg uibcy 



234 APPENDIX 



Kouprjc KeKXojikvqc naxkpa Kpov'cdrjV 6 de vbo(j)cv 
f^GTO deojv aTidvsude tioXuXXcotco kvl vrjO), 
dkyixevog hpa KaXa napa Ovqiajv dvd pcbncov . 
rriv d' deKa^Ofi£i>T)V rjysv Jwc kvveocrjGc 
TzaTpoKaocyvqxog , TtoXuoi^jidvTcop noXudkyiiiov, 
"cnnocc ddavdrotac, Kpbvou TtoXuibvufioc ulbc. 
o(f>pa p-lv obv yacdD re Kal oupavbv darepbevza 
Xeuaoe 6ed koc TibvTOV dydppoov i^dubsvza, 
ouydg r ' rjsXhu, 'in d ' T^Xnero /xfjzkpa Ksdv^v 
b(p£adai KOC (pOXa Oecov ahcyevezdcov , 
rb(j)pa oi eXmc edeXye {jkyav vbov dxvupikvrjc Tzep' 

TjXf^oav d ' bpkojv Kopu(j)ac koc ^kvOea nbvzou 
(j)cov7J U7t^ ddavdzTj, zrjc d' sKXue nbzvca firjZfjp. 
bio dk jiiv Kpadcrjv d^oc 'iXXa^ev, dpL<j)c de x^u^ol^C 
dfi^poocatg Kprjoejiva dcu^ezo j£|0(72 <f)cXrjac, 
Kudveov dk KdXufifxa naz ' dfKpozkpajv ^dXez ' coiiajv, 
oeuazo d\ ate z' olojvbc, kTzl zpacjyeprjv zs kcu uyp^v 
liacofikvj)' zfj d ^ ou zcg kzrjzup.a /luOrjaaadcu 
T^deXsv ouze decbv ooze Ovtjzcov dvdpcbncov, 
ouz' Oiwvcbv zee '^Jj ezTjzufioc dyyeXoc i}Xdev. 
kvvrjfiap fxev Inetza Kazd idbva Ttbzvia Jrjd) 
ozpco(j)dz ' aWojukvac doudac ptBzd x^P<^^^ 'ixouaa 
oudk 7T0Z ' dpi^poo£if]f KOC veKzapoQ rjdimbzoio 
Tzdaaaz^ dKrjxsfikvrj , oudk xpba ^dXXszo Xouzpdlg. 
dXX^ ozE di) dsKdzTj ol knrjXude (j^acvoXlg 'Hd)c, 
T^vzezb ol ^EKdzT), okXac iv ;f£i|0£cT(7^v 'ixouaa, 
Kac pd ol dyfeXkouaa 'inoc (j)dzo (f)d)Vf}Gkv z£' 

nbzvca Jrjfirjzjjp, cbpr)(f)bp£, dfXabdcope, 
zlg deibv oupavcojv rjk 6v7jzd)v dvdpcoTrcov 
TjpTiaoe nep(7£(j)bvT)y Kal abv (j)iXov i^Kax^ dup-bv) 



APPENDIX 235 



(l)0)vijc yO'p T^KOua' , drap ouk 'cdov b(j)daXiiococv 
8r Tcg erjv aol d^ d)Ka Xkycj vrjpLsprka navTa. 

wc oip e(j)ir} ^EKarrj' ttjv d' ouk 7)/x£^I^£to pLudco 

^PsiTjC TjUKOfJLOU du]fdT7jp, d^A' (I)Ka GOV auTJj 

^'i$ ' aWo/jikvac dacdac (J-eza x^P^^^^ 'ixouaa. 
^HkXcov d ' 'iKovTo, deibv oKonbv ijdk Kal dvdpcbv, 
ozdv d ' ^cnncov npondpocde Kal ecpeTo d~ca dedojv 

'HkXi ', CLcdeooac pie Oedv gu nep, ec nore di^ geo 
Tj Inec Tj Ipyco Kpadcy}v koc duptov 'irjva' 
Kouprjv TTjv ersKov, yXuKEpov ddlo^, dde'c Kudpi^v, 
ZTJc ddiv^v OTt ' aKouGa dc^ aWkpoc drpuykvoio 
a>c T£ ^cal^ofikvTjg , dzdp ouk 'cdov b(j)daXiJLo'iGcv. 
dXXd Gu ydp drj ndGav kite idbva koI Kara nbvzov 
aWepoc SK diif)c KazadkpKsac dKuvEGGi, 
vqiiEpxkoJC p-oc 'iviGTze (l)iXov T£Koc, ei nou onconac 
Of Tcc vbG(f>iv kp£io Xap(hv dsKOUGav dvdyKj) 
o'iX^zac 7jk deiov tj koc Ovqrcbv dvO pdjitojv . 

*"i2f cf)dTO, rrjv d' "'Tnepcovcdf}^ Tjpei^sTO podq)* 
^PsiTjc i}'oKbpou duydrrjp, Arjp-qxep dvaGGa, 
eldriGecg' drj ydp pkya d^opac -^d' kXeacpoj 
dx^opkvqv Tie pi nacdl ravuG(pupq)' oudk rc^ dXXog 
dcTCOC ddavdxojv, el pi] vscpsXrjyepkra Zeuc, 
Of piv edojK^ '-^^^7) OoiXeprji^ KSKXfJGdac aKocuv 
OUT OKaGiyvT] TO)' b d^ unb ^b(j)ov i]spbevi:a 
dpnd^ag ^cnnocGiv dyev peydXa Id^ouGav. 

• •••••••a 

£(^£T0 (5' kyybc bdo'co cplXov zerirjpkvrj ^rop, 
IJapdevlcp (ppkan, odev udpeuovro noXlzac, 
kv GKijj, auzdp unepde TiecpuKei ddpvoc kXacrjC, 
yprfi naXatyevk't kvaXcyKcog, tj ze zbKoco 
e'ipyfjzac dcbpcov ze (piXoGzecfydvou ^A(j)podcz7]Cj 



236 APPENDIX 



olac T£ Tpo(f)Oc doc dejuiaroTToXcov ^aacX-qojv 
nacdiov koc rajicac Kara dco/Jtaza rj^i^evra. 
T^v de Wov KeXeoco 'EXeuaivcdao du-jfazpsc, 
kp^ofievou fisd^ udojp eurjpuzov, b(j)pa (jikpocev 
KaXncoc x<^Xk££T)cf£ (p'iXa npbc dcofxara Tcazpoc, 
rkaoapsg, a)c re deac, Kouprfcov dvdog 'iy^ouaac, 
KaXXcdcKfi KOC KXecacdcKi} Jtjjjjco t' kpbeaaa 
KaXkcdbf] d \ Tj T(Jbv npoyeveardzT) ^ev dnaaajv 

"^Qg l(f)ad\ rj <5' eTteveuas Kap-qazc, zac de ^ascvd 
TcXTjadneiiai udazoc (j)£poi> dyyea Kodcdouaac. 
pifi(j)a de Ttazpbc Ikovzo neyav db/iov, J)Ka de ptrjzpc 
evvenov cof eldbv ze koc eKXuov. tj de fidX' cbna 
eXdouaac eKeXeue KaXe'cv en' dnecpovc fxeodq). 
ai ojg z 7) eXacpoi 7] nopzcec ecapog copj) 
dXXovz' dv Xecfjxbva Kopeoodfievat cfypkva ^op^fjy 
wc al emaxb/ievoi eavojv itzuiag cfiepoevzajv 
rj'c^av KocXf]v naz' d/ia^izbv, djicjil de ')(^aiZ(u 
OJfiOic dcoaovzo KpoKTjcq) dvdec bpLOcac. 

• ••«••••• 

zou de KaacyvTjzae <f)0jvr}v eadKouaav eXeiv^v^ 

Kad d' dp' dn' euazpcozcov Xeykdiv dbpov ij fxev eneiza 

Tzaid' dvd x^P^^^ eXouoa eco eyKdzdezo KbXnqy, 

i) d' dpa nop dv'eKac', t] d' eoauzo nboa' dnaXolat 

fJLTjzep' dvaazT)aouGa ducbdeoc eK daXdjuoeo. 

dypojievac de fuv dfxcj^ic eXoueov donacpovza 

dpL^ayaTta^bfievai' zou d' ou fxecXcoaezo 6u/i6c' 

Xeipbzepac yap d^ puv e/ov zpo(j)o} ijde zcdfjvac. 

f] d' byecov ene^Tj, napd de Kpazbg 'Apyec(j)bvz-^c 
fjVia Koi fidozcya Xa^ojv pszd x^P^^^ ^cXtjgc 



APPENDIX 237 



(7£U£ ddK imydpojv' rd) d' ouk aKovre Tterkadifjv. 
pijji(f>a dk iiaKpa KeXeuOa dcT}vuaav, odds OdXaaaa 
oud' udcop Ttozapbcbv our' ayKsa Tton^evra 
"cimojv ddavdziov our' dKpc£C 'io^^dov bpp.'qv, 
dXX' bnkp axjxdojv ^aObv Tjkpa zefivov cbvrec. 
oTTJae d' dycov oOc ficptvev klJozkcpavoc Jf]fJ.'qT7jp, 
vfjo'io TipoTtdpoide ducbdeoc' t} de Idouaa 
rji^' -qure p.atvdc opog Kara ddaKcov uXjj, 
n£pa£(j)6vr) d^ krkpcodsv knee 'cdev opLfxara KaXd 
fxrjxpbg kfjc, Kar' dp' tj y' oy^za npoXcnoOaa KaVlnnooc 
dkro dkecv, decpf) 8k ol 'ipLTteasv ajK^eyudelaa' 
rfj de ^cXrjv en Ttacda ejjf fJ-erd x^P^^^^ ^X^^^f) 
a}(pa dbXov duptbc 'ccv' bioaro, rpkaae d' dp' ahd)c 
nauofievT} <j)iXbz7)T0f, d^ap d' kpeecvero jiudcp' 

TkKvov, fjii) pd Ti jj.oi GO ye ndoaao, vepOev kouoa, 
^pcbfirjc ) e$auda, fxij Keud' , "cva eldofiev d/KJ^o' 
&c p.ev ydp k' dvcouaa napd azuyepou 'Acdao 
Koc nap' kiioc koc narpl KeXaive<j)e"i Kpovcojvc 
vacezdoig, ndvreoGc zeu/xkvr) dOavdrocacv 
el d' kndaoj, ndkev oi)Tcc coda' unb KeuOeae yaejj^ 
ocK-qoecc (hpojv rpharov jikpoc ecc eviaurbv, 
rdc de Sua) nap' kfioc xe Kal dXXocc ddavdroiacv, 
bnnbze d' avdeac yaV euibdeacv elapcvococ 
navxodanolg OdXXec, rbr' dnb i^b<j)00 ijepbevroc 
oLxcc dvec [xkya dau/na deolc dvQTolg r' dvOpcbnocc. 
• •••••••• 

a?0a ^£ Kapnbv dvfjKev dpoopdcov epi^coXcov. 
ndoa de (j)6XXocaiv re Kac dvOeocv eupe'ca ;f^wy 
e^pca'' Tj de Kcooaa depnaronoXoic PaacXeuoc 
del^e, T pcnxoXkficp re AcoKXe7 re nXf}^cnnoj, 
EufibXnoo xe ^ctj KeXeo) d' ijyqxopc Xawv, 



238 APPENDIX 



dprjafioa6v7)v 6' hpojv koc knk(j)padev opjca izaat, 
T pcnroXkfJxp re TloXu^e'cvq) t\ knl rocc dk AcoKhl, 
aefivd, xd t' ou ncof 'iam 7iap£$ijj.£v oure nudkoOai, 
our' dxkecV /ikya ydp xc Oeajv ak^ag caxdvec ondi^v. 
bX^iog og rdd' bnajTzev kncxOov'cojv dvd pdjucDV 
Of d' dreXrig hpcbv, og t' dfifiopog, ou noO^ b/jLocojv 
cHiaav 'i^si cpdi/ievdg nep unb (^b(pq) eupcbevxc. 

— Homer, Hymn Dem. 1-482. 

-Page 53 

Ttapd KaXXcxbpocGc nayaig 
XafXTzdda decopbv ecKddojv 
b(psrai evvoitog dunvog a)v, 
0T£ Kal Acbc doTepambc 
dve^bpeuaev aWrjp, 
XopeuEi de ZeXdva 
Kal n£VTrjK0VTa Kopac 
Nfjpkog, a} Kara novrov 
devdcov ze norafiibv 
d'cvac ■)[^opeubp.evac, 
rdv xp^<^OGxk(j)avov Kopav 
KOC iiazkpa oepLvdv 

— Euripides, Ion, 1075-1086. 

kf(jj dk dibaoj T-qv kptrjv nacda Kzavecv. 
Xoyct^ofxac dl noXXd' izpcbra jAv tcoXcv 
ouK dv rev' dXX-qv rfjads PeXzco) Xd^slV 
rj npcbza jikv Xeojc ouk enaKzbf dXXodev, 
auzbxOoveg d' £<j)uiJi£V al d' dXXac nbXecg 



APPENDIX 239 



Tteaacbv bpLOMc dcacfyopalg eKTiafikvae 
dXXac Tcap^ aXXcov scolv Ecaaywycixoc. 
bone d' an' dXX-qg nbXsoc; ocKiC,ec noXcVj 
dpfidc novqpbg^ coanep kv ^oXco nayEcg, 
Xbyq) noXcrrjg korc, zoic ^' epyococv ou. 
sTieiza zeKva rood' enarc rcKzofiev, 
CJC Oecbv re j^cofiouc nazpcda ze pudjiieda, 

el d' r]v kv dcKOic dvzl drjXeicbv azd^og 
dparjv, nbXtv dk noXsii'ca Kazelx^ <i>Xb^ , 
ouK dv vcv k^knefiTzov elc fJ-d-X'f}^ dopbg, 
ddvazov Tcpozap^oOa' ; 

rd (iTjzkpiOV de ddKpo' bzav Ttk/xTrrj zsKvaj 
TzoXXobc kdrjXuv' elc fJ-d^rjv bp/jLCO/ikvooC' 
pLcad) yuvalKag cuzcvec Ttpb zoO KaXou 
C^fjv Ttaldac eiXovz' rj Ttapfjveaav Kand. 
Kol fiTjv davbvzec y' ev fJidxj) noXXwv fikza 
zufipov ze Kocvbv 'iXa^ov euKXecdv r' 'iorjv ■ 
ZTj/jLTj dk Ttacdl Gzk(j)ayof £^r /ad jJ-bvj) 
TrbXecoc davouaj) zrjad' unep dodrjoezai. 
Koc ZTjv zsKouoav Koc G£ Suo 6' bpLOOTrbpco 
Gchaec ' z'c zoozcov ouxc dk^aodac KaXbv ; 

ZT]V OUK kfXTjV obv TtXtjV ^UGEi d(l)(JCO Koprjv 

Ouaai npb yaca^. d yap alpsOi^aszai 
TzbXcg, z'c Tta'idcov zcbv ep.a)v fikzeozi [xoi ; 
ouKouv dnavza zouv y' k/xoi acodrjoezai ; 
dp^ouGcv dXXoc, zrjvd' kyo) gcogco tloXcv, 
£Ke~ivo d' ob zb nXecGZOv kv KOivco jukpoc, 

OUK £Gd' kKOUGTjC Z7J C kfiTJC ^^X^jC dvTj p 

npoybvcov naXaid Oegiic' bozcg kK^aXeV 



240 APPENDIX 



odd' dvr' kXdag ^puaka^ re Fopybvog 
xplacvav bpdrjv axdoav kv noXeoJC ^dOpocc 
Eup-oXnoc oudk Opd$ dvaarkipec Xeojc 
oTEcjidvocGc, IlaXXdg d' oudafioO ripLrjaerai. 

d) narpcc, ^'cde Tzdvreg dc vacoooc ae 
ouTco (fxXolev (be efcb' nal pqdcojg 
ocKo'c^v dv as Koudsv dv ndaiocg KaKov. 

— Euripides, Frag. 362, 4-55. 

Page 61 

AT. 6eoi TToXiv ocol^ouac ITaXXddoc dedc. 

AT. £r' dp' 'Adfjvibv ear' dnopd-qrog noXig ; 

AF . dvdpd)v yap bvrojv £pKoc karlv docjyaXkc. 

AT. dpxy) de vauol ^u/i^oXrjc "rif ^v, (f>pdaov' 

xheg KaTTjp^av, nbxepov ''EXXrjvsc, /id^rjc, ' 
^ Tca'cc kjJ-bc T^X-qdec KazauxTjaoiC vscbv ; 

AF . fjp^sv pkv, (b dkoTtocva, too navxbc KaKOu 
(j)avecg dXdarojp ^ Kanbg da'cfiojv nodkv. 
dvTjp yap ^EXX-qv k^ 'Ad-qvaiojv azparoij 
kXdihv 'iXe^e nacdc go) Sep^j) xdde, 
d)C, sc ixsXalvrjg vuKrbg ^c^erat Kvk(j)ag, 
^EXXfjvec 06 fisvolev, dXXd GeXjiaac 
vaibv knevdopbvTeg dXXog dXXoGS 
dpaGfio) Kpu^acco ^corov eKGOjaocaro. 
b d' eudbg chg t^kougev, ou ^uvelc dbXov 
^EXXtjvoc dvdpbf, odds zbv dewv ^Obvov, 
TzdGtv 7tpo(f)covec rbvde vaodp^ocg Xbyov 
E6t' dv (f>X,kyajv dKz'iGcv qXcog j^dbva 
Xri^Tj , Kvkcpac dk rk/jtevoc acOkpog Xdj^j), 
zd^ac veibv gz1(J)oc /xev kv Gzocxocg zpcalvj 



APPENDIX 241 



eKnXouc <j)oXdaaecv koc nbpouc dXippbOoug' 
dXXac dl kukXco vrjaov Acavrog nkpc^ , 
(VC, d fxbpov ^eu^otad^ ^EXXrjvsf KaKov 
vaualv Kpu<j)ac(jjc dpaafxbv eupbvrec nvd, 
ndocv Gzkpeadac Kparbc rjv TzpoKecfxevov. 
Toaaur' 'iXs^s Kdpd^ bn^ eudufiou (ppevbg 

00 yap TO (jkXXov sk Oeiov r^niaxaro. 

01 d' ouK dKbofiOJC, dXXd necddp^co (jypevc 
delnvbv t' knopauvovro, vau^dr-qg r' dvr)p 

XpOTZOUTO KCOTTTjV GKaXfJibv djMJ)^ £U7j peTpLOV . 

end dk (jykyyog t}X'cou Kaxk^dcTO 

KOC vu$ BTcfjSi, nag dvrjp Kcbnrjc dva$ 

If vaOii exihpei, nag 6^ onXwv incordrTjc. 

zd^iC de zd^cv napsKdXsi veajg fiaKpdgy 

nXkouoc d* (bg sKaazog ijv zezaypikvog: 

Kac ndvvuxoc dij dcdnXoov KaO'cazaaav 

vacov dvaKzeg ndvza vaozcKov Xeojv ' 

Kac vu$ kxcbpsi, Kou fidX' ^EXX-^vojv ozpazbg 

Kpu(f>alov eKnXouv ouda/irj KaOcozaxo. 

knee ye jievzoc XeoKbncoXog rjjikpa 

ndaav Kazeaj^e yalav eu(f>eyy^g cde~cv, 

npdJzov ixev i)XJ} KeXadog ^EXXtjvojv ndpa 

fioXnrjdbv fjucj^rj/xTjaev, opdcov d^ dp.a 

dvzTjXdXa^e vqaccbzidog n'ezpag 

7)10) ' (j)b^og de ndoc ^ap^dpoig napfjv 

yvcbfxfjg dnoG(j)aXe~coiv : ou yap cog (f^oyrj 

nacdv^ ecpufivouv aejivbv ^EXXr^veg zbze, 

dXX^ elg fidxfjv bpfxcbvzeg euipu^cp Opdoec. 

odXniy$ d' duzjj ndvz^ eKe'cv^ enk<f)Xeyev' 

ebdbg de Kcbnrjg poOcddog ^uvepLJ^oXfj 

enacaav dXfjLfjv ^puxcov eK KeXeuGfiazog, 



242 APPENDIX 



6ocbc ^£ 7cavT£f ^aav kK<j)avelc cdsxv, 
xb ds^iov fiev npajxov euraKzov Kspac 
rjyeno kogjico, deurepov d' 6 ndg oxbXoc 
e7T£^£Xcop£i, K.ac napTJv bpLoO KXuecv 
noXXT)v ^o-f)v, 'Q Tzdcdeg ^EXXrjvcov, 'ire, 
kXwdepouze Ttarpw' , kXeodepoure dk 
ndidag, yuvacKac, decov xe nazpcoajv edrj, 
OiijKac T£ npoybvojv vuv unlp ndvrojv dyojv. 
Kol fiTjv Tzap^ T]iJju)V Uepaidoc 'jrXwaorjc pbOoc 
UTtfjvr'ia^e'- KouKkr' t)v iikXXecv aK/irj : 
eudbg dk valjg kv vrfc xf^^^^^PV oxoXov 
enouoev. fjp^e d' kfi^oXfjc ^EXXfjvcKT) 
vaLg, KanodpaLec ndvza ^ocvcaarjc vecbc 
Kopufi^^' stt' dXXrjv d^ dXXoc 'cduvev dbpu. 
rd Tzpajra /lev d"^ pwfia UepacKou azparou 
dvz£~cyjv' cue dk nXfjdoc k,i> ozevco veojv 
Tjdpocoz^ dpcoyrj <5' ouzcq dXX-qXocc napfjv, 
ODZoc d^ u(f>' auzcbv kfipbXocc x^^f^oazofioic 
TcaiovT^ edpauov ndvza KconrjpT) ozbXov, 
^EXXfjViKac ze vfjec ouk d(j)paa(ibv(jjg 
kukXo) Tzkpc^ Wecvov bnzcouzo de 
oKd(j)T) veojv, ddXaaaa d' ouKez' t^v cdeiv, 
vauayccov 71X1)6 ouaa Kot (j)bvou ^pozojv, 
aKzac dk vsKpoJv xocpdosc z' btlXtjOuov. 
(t>oyfi d' aKoa/icoc Ttdaa voJuc ijpkaaezo, 
baoiTtsp T]aav ^apj^dpou azpazeujiazog. 
zoi d\ a>az£ Ouvvoog t] zlv^ l^Qbuiv j^bXov, 
dyacGi KCOTTcbv dpa6a[xaa'cv t' kpBCTZcujv 
enacov, eppdyj^ov ocficoyr) d^ bjiou 
KUJKUfiaacv Kazelys neXaycav dXa, 
ecoc KeXoivijc vuKzbc oufi^ d(j)£iX£ZO. 



APPENDIX 243 



KaKcbv dk TtXrjdo^, odd' av d dsK^ rj/jtara 
GXcxfjTopocrjv, ouk av kKTiX-qaacpic aoc' 
eb yap rod' 'cadi, ptrjddp.' ^fJ-^pti fJ-i^ 
nXfjdoc ToaourdpidpLov dvdpcjncov Oavelv, 

— Aeschylus, Pers. 349-434. 

Page 70 

doXcx'fiP^Tfiov Acycvav ndrpav* 
*ivda 2ojT£(pa Jibe ^ev'cou 
Tzdpedpoc daKelrac dkp.cc 

'i$ox' dvdpcjTcojv. b u yap tcoXix koc noXXq pknetj 

bpdq. dcaKpcvecv <j)pevl pLT) napd Kaipbv, 

dognaXkCf redpbc dk tcc ddavdziov, Kac rdvd' dXcepKka 

XiJ^pO'V 
Ttavrodanolacv bnkaraas ^kvoec 
Kcova dacpovcav 
b d' enavTkXXiov ^P^^^C 
zouTO npdaoojv /irj ndpLor 

— Pindar, Ol. viii. 20-29. 

Page yi 

'ineae d^ 06 Xapixwv sKac 

a dcKacbnoXcc dpexaic 

KXecvaiacv AlaKcddv 

dcyocaa vdaog' zsXkav d' zyzt 

db^av aTr' dp^dg. noXXoloc plv yap de'cdexai 

vcKa^bpocc kv dkdXoic dpkipacaa Kac doa'cc 

uTzeprdrouc rjpcuac kv pdxacc' 

— Pindar, Pyth. viii. 21-28. 



244 APPENDIX 



Page yi 

TzXazftat TzdvTodev Xoycoiocv kvrc npocodoc 
vdaov euKXka rdvde Koaixeiv knee a(f)cv AcaKcdac 
enopov e^o^ov cCtaav dperdc dizodecKvuiievoc jieydXac 
Tzkzazac d' kni re ^66va koc did daXdaaag rrjXodev 

— Pindar, Nem. vi. 47-51. 

Page /z 

OoK. dvbptavzonocbg eefi^ o^^t' k}.ivuaovTd fi' kpyd- 
^eodac dydXjjLaT^ kn^ onxdc ^aOixcdog 

koraor'' d^^A' im ndaag bXKddoc £V t' aKarq), yXuKeV 
docdd, 

GTux^ diz^ Alyhac, dcayyeXXoia^ ore 

AdpLTicovoc olbc Iludkac eupuadevijc 

v'cKt) Nefieiocg nayKpaxcou aTk(j)avoVj 

ouTio) jkvuot (jyacvcov xkpecvav jiaxkp^ ocvdvdac bmbpaVj 

£K dk Kpbvou KOC ZT]vbc Tjpojac acxiJ-CLxdg (ftuxeudkvxac 

Kol dnb y^puGEdv Nriprfidojv 

AcaKcdag kykpapev {laxpbnoXcv xe, (piXav ^kvcov dpoupav 

xdv nox^ eoavdpbv xe koc vauatKXoxdv 

Okaaavxo nap j^oj/xbv naxkpoc ^EXXavcoo 

axdvxec, ncxvav x' ecc aWkpa x^'^P^C d/xd 

'Evdaldoc dpiyvcoxsc olol koI ^ca 0d)Koo Kpkovzoc, 

— Pindar, Nem. v. 1-12. 

■P^g^ 75 
VTJabc xic eaxl npbade laXafuvog xbnojv, 
^acd, duaopjioc vauocv, rjv b (jyeXb^opoc 
ndv kji^axeuei novxcac dKxfjg Inc. 
evxauda nkfinec xouad\ oncog oxav vsojv 



APPENDIX 245 



(j)dapkvT£c '^X^P^^^ VTJoov kKaco^ocarOy 
Kxe'cvocev eux^^pco'^ov ^EXXT]va)v ccpazov, 
<j)iXou^ d' uTisKoco^oiev kvaXcojv nbpojv 
KaKOJC to fLeXXov loTopcbv coc yap debc 
vaxbv 'idcoKS Kudoc ^EXX-qacv /jiaxfjC, 
ondfijiepov <j)pd^avreg suxolXkocc dkjiag 
OTtXococ vadjD k^kdpcooKov d/icj)} dk 
kukXouvto Tcdaav vrjaov, ator^ dpLTj^C'^^'iV 
07Z0C TpdnoiVTO' TtoXXd filv yap sk x^P^^ 
Ttkzpoiacv rjpdoaovTo, To$iKrjc r' dnd 
dibfxcjyoc col Trpoarchvovrec coXXuaav, 
TkXoc d' £(f)OpiJ.rjdki>r£c £$ kvoc pbdou 
nacouGi, KpEOKonobac duoTTjVOJV {J.kXri, 
eo)c dndvTcov k^a7tk(j)decpav ^cov. 
Skp^-qg <5' dvwfico^ev KaKcbv bpcbv ^dOog' 
edpav yap six^ navrdf euayfj Grparou, 
u(l)rjX6v bxdov dyxc neXaycac dXbg' 
pri^ac dk nenXoug KdvaKOJKuaag Xcyu, 
TTB^o) napayye'iXag d(j)ap or pared fian, 
IcTjo' dKbofxco $uv (poyjj. zoidvde GOi 
Ttpbc TTj Ttdpocde $ufjL(j)opdv ndpa Gxevecv. 

— Aeschylus, Pers. 449-473. 

Page YQ 

'EXXrjVOJi> 7[pojj.axouvT£c ^Adr}va~coc MapaOcovc 
XpOGO(j}bpojv Mrjdojv £GTbp£Gav duvaptiv. 

— SiMONIDES, 90. 

Page yg 

"Avdp£c 'Ad7)valo£ t£ TlXaxacfjc t' kv Mapadujvc 
XpUGO<j)bpojv Mrjdojv £GTbp£Gav duvafuv. 

— Aeschylus, Eleg. i. 



246 APPENDIX 



Page 80 

Acp(j)uog edpLTjdrjjiei^ unb nxuxc, ojjfia d' k^' ijfi'cv 

kyyudev Eupcnou dijiioacq Kk^oxac, 
00 K dd'cKUjg' kpaxr^v yap dnajXeoajxev veozT^za 

xpfiy^fcav Tzokkixoo de^dfievoc vecpeXrjv. 

— SiMONIDES, 89. 

Page 82 

AT. Tcc dk notfidvcop eneoxc KdTtedeand^ei arparq) ; 
XO. ouTivoc douXoc KeKX-qvTac (jiOJTbc, odd' on-qKooc. 
AT. Ttcbc dv oOv fikvoctv dvdpag noXeficoug knrjXudag ) 
XO. coaT£ Jape'iou noXuv re koI KaXbv (j)6£'£pa£ oxparbv. 

— Aeschylus, Pers. 243-246. 

Page 87 

d$ca jjkv naxpbc, d^ta d'eoyevcag rdde yiyverae. 
£c dk akj^sic davdrouf djadcov, fisrk^oj goc. 

— Euripides, Heracl. 626-627. 

Page g2 

dXXav del nv' h Xbyocc owjre'iv, 
(f>ocv'cav ^KuXXav, ar' exdp(I)v unal 
(f>d)z' dncoXeaev (pcXov, KpTjUKolc 

Xpucrsod/xrjTOiOiv opfiocf 
mdrjoaaa, dcopocoi M'cvco, 

N'laov ddavdzag zpc^bc 

voa(f)caao' dTtpo^ouXcoc 

TZvkovd' d KUVbcppCJV UTTVO)' 

Kcyxdvei dk [icv 'EpfiijC' 

— Aeschylus, Choeph. 602-611. 



APPENDIX 247 



Page gs 

Tbv dl 'idsv Kdd/xou duydrrjp, KaXXca<j)upoc ^IvcOy 
AeuKodsT), ^ nph p.sv 'irjv ^pozoc audi^eaoa, 
vuv d^ d/l6f £v neXdyeoac Oecjv e^ 'ifipiops Tiiifjc. 
J] p' ^Oduafj' kUfjoev dXcbfievov, dXys^ exovxa* 
acducTj d^ ECKuca norjj dveduaero Xcp.vf]C, 
}(^£ d' knc ax^dcTjc K.ac iicv npbc p-oOov eecne' 

"Kdjipiops, t'ctzts. xoc (ode Iloaecddcov kvoacxdojv 
wduaar' kKTzdyXwc, bu xoc KaKa noXXd (jyureuei ; 
ou fxkv drj OS Kaxa^dcoec, ptdXa nep fisveacvcov. 
dXXd fidX^ (I)d' ep^ac, doKkecc dk p.oc ouk dncvuGGecv 
eifiaxa raur' dnodbg o^edii^v avkfiocac (j)kpeadac 
KdXXcTc\ drdp x^cpeaa vkojv kncpLaceo voarou 
yacT}c 0air)KOJv, oQc roc fidcp^ kaxlv dXu^ac. 
xf) dk, xbde Kprjdsfivov unb axkpvoco xdvuaaac 
dfi^poxov oudk xc xoc nadkecv dkoc odd' dnoXkaOac^ 
abxdp kTzi]v yet pea a cv k(j)d(l)eac i)necpoco, 
d^ dnoXuodfievoc ^aXkecv elc dcvona nbvxov 
noXXbv dn' rjTieipou, auxbc d' dnovbacjyc xpankadac.^^ 

'^Q^ dpa (pajvYjoaaa ded Kpr^dsjivov 'idcoKsv, 
adxr) d' d(p If nbvxov kduaexo Kujiacvovxa 
aid OCT) ecKuia' [ikXav dk I KUfia KdXu(/f£v. 

— Homer, Odyss. v. 333-353. 

Page g6 

xdXaiv\ (hg dp^ rioda Trkxpoc t) aidapoc, dxcc xskvcov 

Bv £X£K£f 

dpoxov abxbietpt p.olpa KxevEcg, 
pLcav dj) kXuoj ixcav xwv ndpoc 
yovacK' £v <j)cXocc x^P^ P^^^~^^ xkKvocc, 



248 APPENDIX 



^Ivo) jiavelaav sk decov, od' t) Acbc 

ddfiap vcv £$k7t£ii([f£ dcojidrcov dXj). 

Tt'cTvec d' a rdXaiv* If dXjiav ^bvo) tskvojv duaaepel, 

dKTTJc UTZspTshaaa TzovTcac nod a, 

duo'iv T£ nacdocv ouvdavoOa^ dnbXXoxac. 

— Euripides, Medea, 1279-1288. 

Page gi 

^Heplfj Fepdveca, KaKov Unac, cj(f>eXev "larpov 
TTjXe Kol If ^ Kodkojv fiaKpov bpdv Tdvdiv, 

fiTjdl nkXag vcuecv iKecpojvcKov dldfia daXdaoTjc 
dyka fiacvofjkvTjQ d}X(j)c MoXoupcdda. 

— SiMONIDES, 114, 1-4. 

Page g8 

^dXs d-q pdX£ KTjpuXoc ^'cfjv 
Of T ' knl Kuptaroc dvOog apt' dXKubveaat noTfjTac 
VTjXeylc T}'cop 'ix^^i dXcnbpcjiupog ecapoc opvcg, 

— Alcman, 26. 

Page gg 

*i2f oTzbxav ytii^ptov Kara /irjva tzcvuckt) 

Zebc dfiaxa reaaapa koc dsKa, 

Xaddvefibv zk fxtv wpav KaXkocacv kncxObvcoc 

Ipdv 7taidoTpb(j>ov nocKcXag 

dXKubvog. 

— SiMONIDES, 12. 

Page 10 1 

Hob TO nepcpXenrov KdXXog oko, Aojpt KbpivOe ; 
nou az£(j)dvai nupyojv, nou xd ndXac Kxkava ; 



APPENDIX 249 



710U vqoc fiaKOLpcov, nou dajfiava ; nou dk ddfiapzs^ 
Ico6(j)cac Xacov d' ac Ttors ixupcddec ', 

oudk yap odd' 'iX^^c, noXuKdfiiiope, oelo UkecTTzac, 
Ttavza de aufJLjidpipac' k^kcj)ayev noXeixog' 

pLoOvai dnbpd-qroc Nrjpjjidec, 'i^Ksavo'co 
KoupaCf od}v dxkojv fi£/ivopLsv dXKubveC' 

— Antipater, Anth. Pal. ix. 151. 

Page 107 

XO. Koc Tcc rod' k^cKocx' av dyykXiov rd^og ; 
KA. "H^aioroc, "Idfjc Xafmpbv eHnkpLTzcov okXag, 
<f>puKTbg dk (fypuKrbv deup' an' dj-ydpou nupbg 
enefXTzev' "Idfj [xev npbg ^Ep/ia'cov Unac 
ArjpLVOu' fikyav dk navbv sk vqaou xphov 
'!Adq)ov (£(.Tzog ZT]vbc s$edk$aTo, 
vnepxeX-qg xe nbvxov cooxe vcoxcoac 
Igx^c nopeuxou Xafinddoc npbg rjdovrjv 

TteuKT) xb xP^<^o(f>£y'jr£C, &c '^^C ^Xwc, 
akXac TxapayyecXaGa MaKcaxou oKondic' 
b d' ou xi fieXXcov odd' d(f)paG/ibvaJC urrvq) 
vcK(x)}xevoc TtapfjKev dyykXou /xkpoc' 
SKac dk (ppuKxoO (f)(1) c kn' Eup'cnou podc 
MeoaaTTiou (j)uXa$£ orj[iacvec [xoXov. 
ol d' dvxkXafupav Kac napr^yyecXav TtpbacOj 
ypacag kpe'cKfjg dcofibv d(pavx£C' nope. 
oOkvoooa XapLTtdg d' oudkncj jiaupou/ikvT), 
vnspdopobaa ned'cov 'Aaconou, diKTjv 
(j)acdpdc oeXrjVTjf, Ttpbg Kcdacpibvog XknaCj 
^yecpev dXXrjv sKdo^^^ tio/itzou nupbg. 



250 APPENDIX 



(j)doc dk TfjXknofiTtov ouk rjvacvero 
(f)poupa, TzXkov Kaiooaa rcov ecprjukvojv 
XcfiVTjv d^ unlp ropycbncv 'iaKTjipev cjxioc. 
opog t' kn^ AlycTzXayKTOv k^cKvoufievov 
ojTpuve deaiibv [it] ^povi^eaOai nupbc' 
Ttk/jLTzouoi d' dvda(0VT£c d<j)d6vco pkvec 
(jyXoybc fikyav Ttojjojva Kac lapcoviKoo 
nopdjxoij KaTomov npcbv^ unep^dXXecv npbaco 
^Xkyovaav elr' eoKTjipev, eur ' d(j)iK£TO 
'Apa^vacov d!cnog, doxoydiovag OKondc' 
KOLTtecT^ 'Arpsidojv sic zbds oK-fjizzec azkyoc 
<j)doc Tbd\ OUK anamtov 'Idahu nupbc- 

— Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 271-302. 

Page 112 

an' OLcac ^EXXddog $uvoppi£voic 

nkvdeca rXrjacKdpdioc 

dbpLcov sKdarou npknec. 
TToXXd yobv dcffdvei npbc ^nap* 

ouc p-lv J dp Tcg 'insfK/^sv 

dldsv, dvzl dk (fxorcbv 
Ted/Tj Kac anodbg bc^ sKdarou db/iouc dcjxKVBCTac, 
b xp'Jf^otp'-Oipbc d' "Apr)c aojfidrwv, 
Kac zaXavzouxoc kv p-d^J} dopbc, 

Tcopiodev £$ 'IX'cou 

(f)cXocac Ttkpnec ^apb 
^fifpa doaddKpuTOV, dvr- 
Tivopoc onodou yepc^cov Xk^-qrac eudkrou. 
orkvooac d' eb Xkyovrec dv- 
dpa rbv iilv wc pd^f}^ 'Id peg' 



APPENDIX 251 



Tov d ' kv (jyovacg KaXoJC neabvx ' dX- 
XoTpiag deal yuvacKoc' 
xa de Giyd zee ^au^si' 
(j>dovepbv d' utt' dXyoc epnee 
TzpodcKocc 'Axpddacc* 
ol d' auTou Tispl ze'ixoc 
dijKac ^IXcddog ydg 
euixop(j>oi KazexouoiV exOpd d' 'ixovzac eKpuipev. 

— Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 418-441. 

Page 113 

KA. vuv de fioi, (j)cXov Kapa, 

EK^aiv' dnrjVTjc TTJads, /jltj ;^a/fa2 rcdslc 
Tov obv Tzbd' , (I) ^va$, ^IX'cou nopd-qzopa, 
djiojal, Tc pkXXed^ , aic knkaxaXrac rkXoc 
Tzkdov KeXeOdoo orpiovvuvai Tterdofiaacv ; 
eudbc yevkadoj 7top(j)opbaTpcoToc nbpoCj 
kg dajpt' deXnxov wc dv rjffjrac JUt). 

AF. fii) yovacKbc kv zpbnocc kpte 

d^puve, pLTjde pap^dpou (fxorbc dUrjv 
XapLaiTterkc fiba/na npoaxdvrjc epLOi' 
fXTjd^ icp.aac Gxpibaaa^ knccjidovov Tibpov 
Tidec. Oeouc toc rolode Tcp.aX(f)fcv ipechv, 
kv TTOiKiXoic dk dvfjzbv bvra KdXXeacv 
^acvecv, kp.o} fikv ouda/iojc dveu ^b^ou. 
Xkyco Kaz^ dvdpa, pLT) Oebv, okj^siv kfxk. 
X^opif nodoiprjOTpojv re koc xcov nocKiXcov 
KX7)dd)v durec' koc zb fiij KaKwg (f>povBlv 
deou nkycGTOv dcbpov. bX^ioai de XP^ 
^cov reXeuTfjoavT^ kv eueoxdi ^cXj). 



252 APPENDIX 



ei TtdvTa d' a)c npaaoocn' dv, eudaparjc e^'co, 

KA. Koc iir}V zbd^ dnk pLTj Ttapa yvoj/xTjV e/ioc 

AT. yvwpLTjv filv 'code /it) dca(j)depouvT^ k/xk. 

KA. Tju^co deocg decaag dv cbd' epdecv zdde, 

AT. elnep nc ^edcbg y^ ed rod' k^eenev rkXof. 

KA, T£ d' dv doKsc aoc Upcafioc, el rdd' i^vuaev ; 

Ar . kv TzocKcXocg dv ndpra ptoc j^rjvai doKse. 

KA, p.rj vuv zbv dvO piLnecov acdeGdrjg (poyov, 

AT. dXX' el doKel aoc xox)d\ unac zee dp^uXac 
Xuoc zd^og, TzpbdouXov 'i/i^aacv 71 odd c, 
KOC zo'cade //' e/jL^ouvovd' dXoupykacv deojv 
pLTj zee TtpoGOjOev ofiixazog ^dXoc (jidbvog. 
tzoXXt) yap aldchg azpco/xazocpdope'cv noalv 
(pdecpovza nXouzov dpjupiovfjzoug 6' o<f)dc. 

STtec d' aKouecv aou Kazeazpajifiac zdde, 
elfi' ec db/JLcov pJeXadpa 7zop(f)6pag nazibv, 

— Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 878-930. 

Page I IS 

KA. ^AnbXXojv, 'AnbXXcov 
dfucdz\ dnbXXcov eptbc. 
d Ttoc noz^ T^T^T^C P-^ ] Ttpbg nocav azeyrjv ; 

• • • • . 9 O • V B 

[icobdeov filv oi>v* noXXd ouvcazopa 
avzo(j)bva KaKa koc dpzdvac' 
dvdpoacjyaye'cov koc nkdou pavzi)pcov, 
XO. eocKev eupcg tj ^evT) Kuvbg dcK7)v 
elvac' /xazeuec d' cov dveupjjoec (j)bvov. 
KA. & d, 



APPENDIX 253 



liapTUpcocac yap rolad^ kncneidoixac, — 
KXacbp.eva zdde l^ps(f>rj o^ayac 
OTrrdc re odpKac npbc narpog (^s^pajfikvac. 
XO. ^ /^^v kXboc ooO jiavTCKov T[e7tuap.kvoc 
flfiev Tcpo(j)T)xag d' ouxcvag /iaoT£uojj.ev. 
KA. l(jj, Tzbnoc, xc noxe fiijdexac ; 

xi x6d£ vkov dj^oc fJ-kya ; 
fiky^ kv db[iocac xocade pufjdexai KaKov, 
d<j)£pxov <j)cXocacv, duocaxov dXKa d' 

eKOLC dnoGxaxel. 
XO. xouxojv did pi c d}Jic xcbv /xavxeufidxojv' 
sKelva (5' 'iyvcov ndaa yap nbXcg j^oq. 
KA. id), xdXaiva, xbde ydp xsXs'ic, 

xbv bp.odkfjLViov Tcboiv 
Xooxpoloi <j)aidpuvaoa — ncbc (ppdao) xkXoc j 
xdxog yap xbd' 'iaxai. npoxe'ivei dk yelp sk 

X^pbc bpkyiiaxa. 
XO. O'JTTOJ $uvfJKa' vov yap k^ ahcy/idxcov 
knapykfioiGi deocjidxoic dfi-qxavoj . 
KA. ke, noKOi, nanoi, xi xbde (pa^vexae ; 

7j diKxubv Xi y^ ^Aidou. 
dXX' dpKog Tj $uveuvoc, r) ^uvaixia 

(jibvou. axdoic d' aKbpexog y'evec 
KaxoXoXo^dxQ) Oufxaxoc Xeuoijuou. 
XO. TZOiav ^Epivbv x-qvde dajfiaaiv KeXec 
enopdid^eiv ; ou jie (f)aidpuvei Xbyoc- 
knl de Kapdiav edpajie KpOKo^acf)^^ 
axayobv, axe Kaip'ia Ttxcboifioc 
^uvavuxei ^iou duvxog ODycu^. 
xaye'ia <5' dxa neXei. 
KA. d d, idob Idou' dneye xrjc ^obc 



254 APPENDIX 



Toy zaupov kv TtknXocaev 
fieXayKspq) XapoOoa /xt)^ avrjjj.au 

Tunrer Tchvec d^ kv kvudpcp xeiji^t. 
doXocj^ovou Xk^rjTOQ ru/av gol Xzyo). 
XO. ou KOfmoLGacfx^ dv dsocj^dzajv -jrvco/jLcov aKpog 
elvac' KaKO) dk rep npoaecKaC^aj zdde. 

and de deo^dzojv z'cg ay ad a <j)dz£c 
ppozo'ig ozkkXezac ; KaKcov yap deal 
noXuenecg zkx^cii deamqjdbv 
<j)b^ov (f)kpouocv padelv. 
KA. CO), £0), zaXahag KaKonozpoc zuiac' 

zb yap kpbv dpoecg nddoc eneyxkag. 
Ttdl di} pe deupo zijv zdXacvav rjyayeg 
oudkv Ttoz' £i pij $uvdavoupkvr)v ; zi ydp ; 
XO. <j)psvopavrjc Tie ^^ deo^bpf}zog, dp- 
(f)c d' abzdc Opoelg 
vbpov dvopov, old zee ^ou6d 
aKbpszoc l^odc, ^£y zaXaevaec (ppeoh 

*'Izuv "Izuv ozkvoua' dpcj^eOaXr) KaKolc 
aTjdcjv ^(ov. 
KA. c(jj, CO), Xcyecac pbpov d-qdbvoc' 
Ttep'c^aXov ydp ol nzepo^bpov dkpac 
deol, yXuKuv r' accova nXaupdzajv dzep' 
kpol de pcpvee a^eapbc dp(f)rjK£e dope. 
XO. Ttbdev kneaauzoug deo<j)bpoug ix^ec 
pazacouc duag, 
zd d^ knc^o^a dua(f>dzip nXayyq. , 

peXozuTte'ef, bpoO t' bpdeoec sv vbpoec ', 
Tzbdev bpouf s/e^r Oeoneaeac bdoO 
KaKopp-qpovag ; 
KA. lit) ydpoe, ydpoe Udpedoc, bXkdpeoc 



APPENDIX 255 



<j)cXojv' i(h ^Kafidvdpou ndzpiov norbv 
zbze /ikv dfjicj)} ode d'iovac rdXacv' 
■qvuTo/iav rpocpdiC 

VUV (5' dficf)} KOJKUTOV T£ Kd/SpOUGiOUC 

oxOoug eocKa dsoTtiqjdi^aeiv rdxa- 
XO. u rods Topov dyav Inog £(f)r)/xiooj ; 
veoyvbc dvdpojncov {iddoc. 
TtknXTiypLai d' unac drj^nau (jyocvcco, 
duaaXye'c ru/q [xcvupd dpeo/ikvac, 
daufiar^ kfxoc KXuecv, 
KA. c(jj nbvoc, nbvoc nbXeoc oXoptevag 
TO ndv id) Ttpbizopyoc duocac Ttarpof, 
noXuKavelg ^orcov Troiovb/Jtiov. aKog d^ 
oudkv kn-qpKeoav 
TO fJLT} TzbXcv p.ev, (ji)G7Z£p ouv £j£^, TzaOelv 
kyd) de Oepfibvouc Tct;^' kv nkdo) J^aXoj. 
XO. knbjieva npoTepocc rd^' kize^rjiicGO) 

KaC TCC 0£ KaKO<j) pOV<I)V Tcdfj- 

Gi doujiajv, U7t£pd£v Papbc kfmcTvojv, 
li£Xcl^£cv Tiddr) YO£pd 6avaT0(j)bpa' 
Tkpfia d' d/xfjxct'^d)' 

KA. KOi IJ.7)V 6 /^7^(7//Of OUK£T^ £K KaXupLpLaTiOV 

eGxai d£dopKd)C, V£0'fd[iou v6n<f)rjc dcK-qv 
Xafmpbc ^' £0CK£V t^Xcou npbc dvToXdg 

TtvkoJV £G7j$£iV, a)GT£ KUpLaTOC dUfjV 

kXuC,£cv npbc auydc ToOd£ 7tr}}iaTog itoXb 
lx£lC,ov' <j)p£vdjGiO d' ouK£T^ £$ acvcyfxdTOJv . 

KOC fiapTUp£'iT£ GUvdpbpLOJC 'iX^^C KaK(ji)V 

pcvqXaTOUGTj Tcbv TcdXac 7:£7r pay fikvcov. 

TT}V yap Grkyrjv rrjvd' ounor^ kKX£C7t£c x^pbc 

$u^(f)doyyoc, ook £u<j)(Dvog' ou yap £0 X£y£C. 



256 APPENDIX 



Kai fJLTjv TzenujKcbc y\ (Of dpaouveadai nXkov, 
ppbxecov cCcfxa, Kajjioc ev dbfxocc jikvec 
duanejnzToc 'i^oj ^uyybvcov ^Epivucov. 
ufivouGC d' u/jivov dcbuaocv npoar^fievac, 
Ttpibxapxov OLTfiv kv fikpec d^ dnknruaav 
euvdc ddeX(j)Ou zo) Ttaxobvrc duafi£velc- 
Tjliaprov, Tj KUpib re to^ottjc rcg a)c ) 
T) (peudofiavTic elfic dupoKOTzog ^Xkdcov ; 
kKfiapTuprjaov npou/ioaac to jit} eldkvai 
Xoyq) naXacdg rcjvd^ dixaprcag do/xcov. 

KA. iou iou, CO CO KttKa. 
V7t^ an fie decvbc opdofxavrdag nbvoc 
aTpo^el Tapdoacov ^pocfxcoic ... 
bpdre rouade roue dbp-ocg k<j)f)fikvooc 
vkouc bvecpcuv 7zpoo(j)ep£cg /j.op(f>copi.aaiv ; 
ndideg davbvrec chaitepec npbi' rcbv <j)cXoJV, 
^£~£pac Kpecbv TiXrjdovrec ocKeca^ ^opag, 
$uv evzkpoic T£ G7tXdyyy\ InoiKTiGTOv ykpLOCy 
npknouo^ 'ixovzeg, chv narijp eyeuoaro. 
SK Tcovde Tzocvdg (pfjUi ^ouXeuecv zcvd 
XkovT^ dvaXKCv kv Xk^si OTpcjo(f>cofJLevov 
ocKoupbv, dcp-oc, TO) pLoXbvTi deaTtbrr) 
k/jjuj' (f>kp£iv yap ipij to BouXcov ^uybv. 
v£d)v t' ETtapiog 'IXcou r' dvaardzfjc 
ouK oldsv o}a yXcbooa /icarjzrjc kuvoc 
Xk$aaa KdKze'cvaaa (f)acdpbvoug , d'cKTjv 
"AzTjc Xadpacoo, zeu^ezac KaKj) zuxj}- 
zocauza zoXptq' OfjXug dpoevog (poveuc 
kazcv. z'c vcv KaXouaa duG(f>cXkc ddKO^ 
zu^oepL' dv ; dix(j)CG^acvav, 7) 2 KuXXav zcvd 



APPENDIX 257 



ocKouaav kv mzpaioc, vaurcXojv ^Xd^-qv, 
duouoav ^Acdou p.r]Tkp\ donovdbv r' dpdv 
<j)cXocc Ttvkouaav ; cog d' kncoXoXo^aTO 

T] TVaVTOToXpLOCf WOTlSp £V pLdxf) C TpOTZJ). 

doKEc de ')(^acpecv voaxciico (Tcorrjpiq. 

Koc rojvd^ ofxocov ec re pLT) necdco' zc yap ; 

TO fikXXov T)^ec. KOC GO ji^ kv xdx^c 7iapd)v 

dyav y' dXrjdbiiavzcv ocKxe'cpac epe'ic- 

XO. rijv fxev dukazou ddcra nacde'ccov KpecDv 

^ovfjKa Kal 7tk(})pcKa' koc <f>6pog pt' zjec 

kXuovt^ dXridibc oudkv k^jjKaoukva' 

zd d^ dXX' aKOuaag sk dpbfxou neaojv rpk'xco. 

KA. ^Ayap.kjivovbc ok (j^Tjp.^ kTzb^eoOac fibpov, 

XO. £U(f)rj/ioi>, (I) zdXaiva, Kocfirjaov orbfia. 

KA. dXX^ oure Ilaccbv riod^ kmazare} Xbyco. 

XO. ouK, el napkarai y^' dXXd in] ykvocrb no). 

KA. au pkv Kazeuxec, role ^' dnoKzecvecv [ikXec. 

XO. Tivof TTpof dvdpoc tout' d^oc nopouveTai ; 

KA. T) KapT^ dpacojv napeKbn-qg xPV^f^^^ k{ubv. 

XO. TOO ydp TeXobvTog ou ^ovrJKa pLT]xO'^'fj^' 

KA. Kal pLTju dyav y' ^EXXfjv' kncoTafxac (f)dTcv. 

XO. KOC ydp zd nudbKpavTa, duopLadij d' ofxojg. 

KA. Tzandi' olov to nop' knkpx^Tac dk fioc. 

oTOTo}, AuKEi' "AnoXXov dc kyo), kyd). 

CUJT7) d'cnooc Xkacva, GuyKocfxojfikvr) 

XdKO) XkovTOf £uy£vouc dnooGcq, 

KT£V£7 /j.£ TTjv TaXacvav (be dk ^dpfxaKOV 

T£UXOUGa KapLOU fXCodbv £vdi)G£CV KbTCp 

£7t£6xeTai, drjyouGa (JodtI <f)dGyavov 
epifjc dywyfjc avTCTcoaGdai ^bvov. 
Tc dfJT' e/xauTTJc KaTaykXojT^ 'ixco Tade 



258 APPENDIX 



Kac oKfiT.Tpa Kol jiavxeia itzpi dkpjj arecj)!) ; 
ak fikv Tzpb fiocpag zfjg kfifjc dcacpdepoj. 
£T £f (poopov TzeaovT ay coo a}i e(popLa4, 
dXXrjv Tcv^ dzTjv dvr' ipLoO TiXouzct^exe. 
cdou d' , 'Ar.bXXojv auroc kKduojv k/jjk 
IpfloT-qpcav kadTJr' , eTZOTZTEuaac dk fi£ 
KOLV Tolaoc Koofiocg KaTaytXojpsvrjv fisrd 
<})'cXajv UTz' k^dpcuv o'j dcxoppoTzojg pLari^v. 

o'j jiTjv azcfioc y^ kn decJov T£dvrj$ofj£v. 
Tj^£i yap T]pxbv dXXog an xcp.dopog, 
fiTjTpoKxbvov (phujia, Tcocudxojp r.arpbc 
(f)uydc ^' dXi^TTjc TTJads yfjc dzb^evoc 
Kdxecoiv drag zdade dpcyKcoaujv (pcXocC 
biJjujp.0Tac yap bpKoc sk deojv jAyag, 
d$££v vcv UTiTiaa/ia Kecpkvou Tzarpbg. 
T£ drJT^ kyd) KdrocKTOc cod' dvaarkvco, 
knee TO TtpwTov eloov 'IX'iou r.bXcv 
7rpd$aaav a>c 'htpa^iv, ol d' elXov nbXcv 
ourojf dnaXXdaaouacv kv Oecbv Kpcoec ; 
couaa 7:pd$co, TXrjoofiac zb Kardai^elv, 
^Acdou TzuXac dk rdad^ 'i/co n poaevvknecv , 
kncuxofiac dk Kocpcag nXTjyrjc Ti>/£?y, 
cuf dacjiddaarag, alfidTUJv EudvTjacjjjUJV 
aTioppokvrojv, ofifia auji^dXco rbds. 
XO. d) TzoXXd fjXv rdXacua, TzoXXd d^ a5 ao^i} 
yuvac, iiaKpdv Bzecvag' el d' er-qrufiojc 
p.bpov 70 V abrfjg o'cada, ncbg derjXdrou 
j^obc d:K7jv Tzpbg pcofibv euTbXficoc; Tzarelc ] 
KA. ouK £(7t' dXu^ic, ou, $kvo£, ypbvov TzXku). 
XO. b d' uorarbc y£ too yp^^^^ Tzpea^eueroi. 



APPENDIX 259 



KA. T}Kec rod' fjfiap' oficKpa Kspdavd) (j^ufr}. 

XO. dXX^ 'cadi rXijiicov oba^ avr' eorbXixou (j)p£v6c. 

KA. oudecc aKOuec zoujza rojv eud ac fibvcov . 

XO. dXX^ euKXecbc: zoc Kazdavecv x^P^^ ^porco. 

KA. CO), Tidvep, aou zd)v ze jsvvacojv tskvcov. 

XO. Tc d' sou XPW^'} '^^^ ^' dnoaTpk(j)ec (f)6^og ] 

KA. (j)eu, (peO. 

XO. TC tout' £(f>£u^ac ; £c TC pLTj <j>pevcbv GTuyog, 

KA. (f)6vov dbfxoc nvkouacv acfxaTOGTayr}. 

XO. Koc Tt&g ; Tod' bl^ec OufidTcov k<j)eoTc(j)v . 

KA. ofiococ dT/ioc iOGTZEp Ik Tacpou npknec. 

XO. 00 lupcov djXdcoiia dcofiaocv XkyecC' 

KA. dXX' eifxc Kdv dbfxocac KcoKuaoua' ip.^v 

'AyafikpLVOvbc ts fio'cpav. dpKscTco ^coC' 

coj, ^evoc. 

ou Toc doaoc^co ddpivov cof opvcc (fyb^o) 

dXXcjg' davouaj] /lapTupe'cTs fxoc Tbde, 

oTav yuvT) jovacKog dvT' i/JLOu Odvj), 

dvTjp TE duaddjiapToc dvT^ dvdpbg nkaj). 

kTtc^evoufiac TOuJTa d' (hg davoufikvYj. 

XO. (I) tXtj/xov, ocKTscpoj ae deo(f>dTou fibpou. 

KA. dna$ st' ecnecv prjocv, ou Opfjvov deXoj 

kjidv Tov a/jTrjC' rjXcq) d' STrsuxo/iac 

Trpbc uoTaTov cjxdc, to'cc efJ-o'cc TCfiabpocc 

i^Opo'cc <t>oveuGc toIc kfio'cg Tcvecv bfioO 

douXfjc Oavouarj^, eujiapouc j£^|0^//aTOf . 

c(h ^poTsca TzpdyjiaT'' euTuxouuTa ptlv 

oKcq Tcg dv 7:pk([>ec£v' ec dk duoTuxfj, 

PoXdcg uypcbaacov GTzbyyog coXeaev Ypa^T}V. 

KOC tout' £K£CVaJl> fldXXoV OCKTBCpaJ TtoXl). 

— Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 1052-1301. 



260 



APPENDIX 



Page I2S 

KA. soTTjKa d' 'ivd' 'inaia^ kn' k^etpyaajikvocC' 
ouTCO d' enpa^a, koI rdd' ouk apvi^aojiac, 
ibg fii}Te ^eoyecv firjr' dptuvaadac fiopov. 
anecpov dfX(j)cpXr)OTpov, coonep ixOucov, 
Ttepiazi^^^ciJ, nXouxov icjiarog KaKov. 
Ttacco dk vcv dec' f^oL^ doolv oepicof/xdTOiV 
fjLedfJKev our 00 KcbXa' koc TzemcoKbtc 
rphrjv kTzevdcdcojii, too Kazd xdovbc 
Acbg, vsKpcbv acoTTJpoc, euKzacav x^P^^* 
OUTCO Tov ODTOo Oofiov opjuiahsi Treocjv' 
KdK(j)uaicbv o^slav a^/zarof G(f)af7jv 
pdXXec }JL^ ^p^P-^fj (paKddi (j)Ocvcac dpoaoo, 
Xacpouoav oudkv tjogov ^ dcoadoTO) 
■jfdvsi 07topr}Tbg KdXuKoc kv "koytbiiaGcv. 
cbc cbd' kxbvTCOV, Ttpka^oc ^Apje'ccov rods, 
Xaepoiz^ av, el /a^/jo^r', eycj d' ene.6xoiJ.ac. 
el d' f}V TtpenbvTCJC cogt^ encGTzevdecv veKp(j>, 
zdd' av dcKaccog tjv, unepd'cKwc p-ev o5v' 
TOGCovde Kpazrjp^ ev dbfxocc KaKOjv ode 
nlrjGag dpacojv adrbc eKncvec fiokibv. 

— Aesch. Ag. 1350-1369. 
Page 126 

TTpbc fjptwv 
KdnneGev, fjpie'ic nac Karaddif^ofiev, 
oux bnb Kkaudfiajv rcov e$ dcKcov, 
dXX^ 'I(j)cj'evecd vcv dGnaGcajg 

duyarrip, (be XPV, 
narep' dvrcdGaGa npbc ajKuitopov 
nbpdfieofi^ dxecov, 
Tie pi x^~^P^ j^aXouGa <f)cXT}Gec 



APPENDIX 261 



XO. bvBcdo^ TjKSi rod' dvr^ bve'cdoug' 

Mofiaia d' kazi Kpcvar 
(j)kpei <j)kpovT\ kKuvEi d' 6 Kahcov, 
liilivec dk, n'cfxvovToc kv dpovco Acoc, 
Tzadecv Tov ep^avra' dkofxcov yap' 

— Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 1529-1541. 

Page 12'/ 

KA. dc ^yd). ^uvfiKa xouizog $$ ahsypLarcov, 

do^oic oXoujied^ a)an£p ouv sKreiva/iev, 

docT) zee dvdpoKfjLTJza nkXeKov cbf zdxoc' 

£id6jfi£v 7) vcKajfiev ^ vcKOJixeda' 

evzauda yap dr) zoud^ d<f>cKbpirjv KaKou. 

OP. G£ Kot ptazeuco' zcode d' dpKouvzcog £X^i. 

KA. dc ^yd). zkdvTjKaf, (jy'cXzaz^ Acycodou ^'ca. 

OP. (jicXelg zbv dvdpa ; zocyap kv zauzo) zd^co 

Kseaer Oavbvza d' ooze firj npodcoc nozk. 

KA. ETzcox^C, ^ ^«^' zbvde d' didsoae, zkKvov, 

fiaazbv, npbc « ou noXXd dr) ^pcC^cov dfia 

ouXocGiv i^rjfisX^ac £uzpa<f>£c ydXa. 

OP. IIuXddTj, zc dpdaco ; ptrjzkp' oud£o6d) Kzav£~(v ; 

nrAAAHI 

7C00 dac zd Xotna Ao^cou /jLavz£uixaza 

zd UudbxpyjGza ncozd d^ £uopKd)fiaza ; 

dnavzac k^Opobc zd)v 6£d)v -^you nXkov. 

OP. Kp'iVix) G£ viKdVj Koc napacv£~cc j^Oi KaXd)C, 

enow Ttpbg odzov zbvd£ ok G<j)d^ai dkXco' 

KOC C,d)vza ydp vcv Kp£CGGOv^ ^y-qGOJ nazpbg. 

zouzqj davouGa ^uyKdd£ud\ £n£c (j)cX£'cc 

zbv dvdpa zouzov, ov d' £XP^^ (j)cX£~cv Gzuy£2c» 



262 APPENDIX 



KA. kyd) G^ Wpe(l)a, abv dl y-qpavai dkXco. 

OP. TzaTpOKTOVouaa yap $uvo£Krja£ic sfioi ; 

KA. Tj jio'ipa TOUTOJV, d) tekvov, TtapacTca. 

OP. Kot Tovde Toivuv fJLOcp^ knopauvev ptopov. 

KA. oudkv ae^'cC^ec yeveOXcouc dpac, tskvov ; 

OP. TSKOuaa yap p.^ 'ippi([fac Bcg xb duaxoxkg, 

KA. ouToc a' dneppiil)^ ecg dbfiouc dopu^kvoug, 

OP. dcx<J^C '^Ttpddfjv, a)v kXeodkpou nazpoC' 

KA. Tiou dfjd^ b rliioc, ovzcv' dvzede^diirjv ] 

OP. alaxovoiiac ooc royr' bvecd'coac oacjxjjc- 

KA. [i«^'] dXX' £i(j)' b/xoicof koc nazpbg too aoO fidrac* 

OP. fxij ^Xtyx^ rbv novouvr^ 'iaoj KadrjpLsvrj. 

KA. dXyog yuvai^h dvdpbg ecpjeadac, rkKvov. 

OP. Tpk^si dk y' dvdpbg ptb^doc T}{ikvac eaoj. 

KA. Kzevelv eocKac, d) zekvov, ztjv [xrjzkpa. 

OP. Gi) zoi Gsauzrjv, ouk kyd), KazaKzevelg. 

KA. opa, (jiuXa^ac ji-qzpbg kyKbzoug Kuvag. 

OP. zdg zou Ttazpbc dk tzojc <j)6y(o napecg zdde ; 

KA. eoiKa dpr^velv ^d)Ga npbg zup^ov fxdzrjv. 

OP. Tzazpbg yap cCcGa zbvde Goupc^ec fibpov. 

KA. di ^yih. zsKOUGa zbvd^ b(f)iv kdpsipdiJirjv. 

OP. Tj Kdpza fxdvzcg bd$ bvecpdzcov (j)b^oc. 

KzavouG^ oy ou XPV^^ '^^^ "^^ /^V XP^^^ ndde. 

— Aeschylus, Choephoroe, 873-916. 

Page ijo 

TcaXac^azoc d^ kv Ppozolf ykpcov Xbyo^ 
zkzuKzai, fikyav zeXeGdkvza (fxxjzbc oX^ov 
zsKVouGdai, fiTjd' dnacda dvrjGKecV 

BK d' dyaddc T^;(f«r y^^^i 
pXaGzdvecv dKbpSGZOv ol(^6v. 



APPENDIX 263 



d'cxoL ^' aXXojv [iovbcfypcov eific' to duaaej^kc yap epyov 
fikra fxkv nXe'cova t'cktec, acpsrkpq d' ecKoxa ykvvq. 
ocKOJV yap eududcKwv 
KaXXiTtacc noz/xoc alec. 
(j)ihl de TiKzecv Tj^pif fikv naXata ved- 
C^ouoav kv KaKolc ^porcov 
^T^pcv tot' Tj Tbd\ oxe xb Kupcov fioXj)' 

vka d^ l<j)UGev Kbpov, 
dacjiovd t' dpiaj(Ov, dnbhjuov, 
dvkpou dpdaoc, [leXacva fxeXdOpocoiv "Axa 

eldofikva xokeuocv. 
JiKa dk Xdfxnec fikv kv duoKdnvocc dcbfiaaiv, 
xbv d^ kvacaciJLOv xhc ^cov. 
xd ^puobnaoxa d' 'ideOXa obv Tccvcp x^P^^ 
izaXcvxpbnotc bjutfLaoiv 
XiTtoua' oGca npoakjxoXe, 
duvapLiv 00 ak^ouaa nXooxou napdarj^xov dcvo). 
ndv d^ knl xkppta viofxq. 

— Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 727-755. 

Page 132 

del yap b([f£ic evvuxo: nojXeofievac 
kg Tzapdeiycbvac xouf kjiobc Tiaprjybpouv 
Xe'cocGc pLudoic' ^Q {J-ky^ euda'i/xcov KbpTj, 
xc napdeveuec dapbv, k^bv goc ydp.ou 
xuyftv fieycaxou ; Zeuc yap iptkpou pkXec 
Ttpbg oou xkdaXnxai, Kac ^uvacpeadac Kunpcv 
dkXer ob d' , d) na'Cj pLj) ^noXaKxcajjC Xk/oc 
xd Zf]vbg, dXX^ l^eXde TZpbc Akpvr)c ^adbv 
Xeifiibva, Tto'cfivac ^ouaxdasif xs npbg Tcaxpdcj 
d>C dv xb A~cov opifxa Xaxfu^ajj nbdou. 



264 APPENDIX 



TOiolade ndaac eu^pbvag bvEcpaac 
^uvecxbji'qv duaxrjvoc, ec t£ dr) nazpl 
'irXifjv jeyajveiv voKTC(j)avT^ bvdpara. 

— Aeschylus, Prom. 663-675. 

I'age 135 

Ou (/jsudrjc ode fxuOoc, dXfjdecr) 8e KeKaozae, 

KodcTcnTig nacdcov euae^crjc 6' ogctjc. 
Tjduxctp^C' T^P '^V^ OKOTtbg dvdpdoiv &pcoc dlroc, 

pLfjTpbc enec (fxXcjj KXecvbv Wevxo nbvov. 
j^acpon' eh evepocoiv e?:' euae^crj, kXutoI dvdpeg, 

Kal zbv d?:' acwviov /jluOov exocre jibvoc. 

— Anth. Pal. iii. 18. 

Page 136 

^Oze XdpvaKc Kelz* ev dacdaXeq, 

dvepibc t' e<j)bpet fitv nv'eojv KiVTjdelad re Xcfiva, 

de~cfxa TzpOGelpne tot' ook ddcdvTocot Tiapecaig, 

d]j.(j)i re Ilepak't ^dXXe ^cXav x^P> ^^^^y t'* (L reKoc, 

dlov e^oj Tzbvov ou d' dcozelg' 

yaXadrjvq) Xade'c Kvcboaecg ev dreprre} 

d 00 pan x^^XKeoybp-i^q), 

vuKTt dXapne'i Kuaveo) re dvb^q) KaraXecC 

dXpav d^ unepdev zedv KOfidv ^ade'cav 

TtapcbvTog KUfiaxog ouk dXe^jrecg, oud^ dvepojv 

(j)db'fyov, 7iop(j)upeq 

Kecpevog ev ^Xavidi, npboojnov KXcdev TtpoawTrq), 

e£ de TOi decvbv to ye decvbv tjv, 

Kac Kev kfjxbv prjpdrcov Xenrbv unelxec odag, 

KeXopai d', eude ^pecpoc, euderco de Tibvroc, 

euderco 3' dporov KaKbv 



APPENDIX 265 



fjs-cac^oXca dk zee <f)av££ri, Zeu ndz£p, 
EK okdev OTTC dk dapaaXkov Inog 
suXOfia: vbo^cv dUac, ouyyvojdi fioc. 

— SiMONIDES, 37. 

Page 137 

^Prjoic i5|0a;f£?a role (j>povouac adxppova 
Ttpoc roue TEKovrag Kac (jiureuaavrac TzpeizBc 
dXKojg T£ Kal Koprj ze Kapye'cq jkvog, 
dig KoapLog fj acyq ze Kal za izabp^ Itzt]. 

— Sophocles, Frag. 61. 

Page 137 

yuvac, ^cXov fxev (jyeyyoc tjXcoo zode, 
KaXbv de nbvzou ^sw/x' Idelv euT]V£fiov, 
yfj t' ripcvbv ddXXouaa nXouacbv 6^ udcop, 
TcoXXojv t' 'kitacvov eozi pLoc Xk^ac KaXcbv 
dXX^ oudlv OUZO) Xa/XTtpbv oud^ Id ecu KaXbv 
(be zolg dnacGc Kal TtbOcp dedrjy/ikvoic 
nacdojv vsoyvojv kv dbjioig- Ideiv (j)dog. 

— Euripides, Frag. 318. 

Page 13Q 

zd zfjc ye Xrjd7)f cjydpjiaK^ bpOujoag p.bvoCj 
d(f)0jva Kal (fxDvouvza ooXXa^dg zs dele 
i^eOpov dvdp(J)7toiai ypdp.fiaz^ scdkvaCj 
&az' 06 napbvza novzcag bnlp nXaKog 
zdK£~£ Kaz' o'iKouc Ttdvz^ kncozaadai KaXcDc, 
naca'cv z' dnodvrjOKovza ^p^p^dzcov /xkzpov 
ypdijjavzac Ecnfiv, zbv Xa^bvza d' Ecdkvac, 



266 APPENDIX 



dkXroc dcacpei, kouk kq ({feudfj Xkysiv. 

— Euripides, Frag. 582. 



jPage 14.0 



eKaver' eKavsze xav 



7:dvao(j>ov, d) Aavaoc, 

xav oudkv' dXyuvouaav di^dova Mouodv. 

— Euripides, Frag. 591. 

Page 142 

<h TSKva TSKva, a<f>a)v ptev 'ian d^ nbXtc 
Kol dcbfi' , kv (p Xi7:bvx£C dOXcav sjjs 
oiKTjaer' dec fiTjTpb^ karepr)p.kvor 
kyw d^ If dXXr)v yacav e}pu drj (poydCy 
nplv o^cbv ovaodac Kdncdecv euda'cfiovac, 
Ttpcv XkKxpa Koc fuvacKa koc yapLTjXiouc 
euvdc dyjjXac XapLTtddac t' dvaox^de'cv. 
w duGxdXacva xfjc sf.L7Jc ondadcac. 
dXXoJc dp' up.dc, ^ TkKv\ l^td pt(^dp.T\v ^ 
dXXcoc d' kfibxOouv Kac Kare^dvdTjv nbvocc 
GTSppdc kvefKoua' kv rbKOcg dXyqdbvac. 
^ pL-qv 7:06' ^ duGTT}vog d^ov kXn'cdac 
TzoXXdc ev upTev fr^po^ooK-fjoecv z' kpte 
Kac KardavoOaav x^P^^^ ^^ TtspiareXe'ev, 
^•qXcoxbv dvd pcbnotor vuv d* bXcoXe d^ 
yXuKsla (ppovTiC' o(f)cpv yap eoreprjpiivTj 
Ximpbv dcd^co ^corov dXyeivbv x' iptoL 
upLslc de pLfjrkp' ouKkr' bpLptaacv <j)cXoig 
b((fe(Td\ If dXXo oxTJp' dnoGTdvzeg ^coo. 
(j)£0 ^eb' Tc TtpOGdkpKBGdk //' bp.pLaGiv, TEKva ; 



APPENDIX 267 



Ti TzpoayeXd'ce zbv navuorazov ykXcov ; 
alar tc dpdaoj ; Kapd'ca yap dcj^ezac, 
yuva~£K£c, opipLa ^atdpbv (be eldov rkKvojv, 
ouK av duvacfiTjv' x^ipkrco j^ouhupLara 
TOL npbadev a$oj na~cdac sk yacag kptouc. 

• •••••••9 

KOiTOi r'c Ttdoxoj ; ^ouXopLac ykXcor^ b(j)Xecv 
kxdpobc pedecGa rouf k/iouc d^rjficouc ; 
ToXixfjxkov rdd\ dXXa rrjc ^pijc ndKfjc, 
TO Kal npokodac pakdaKobc Xbyouc (ppsvbc* 
1copelT£, Ttaldec, £C dbpLouc' orqj dk /xi) 
Okpcc Tcapecvai ro'c^ kp-OiOi duiiaocv, 
aDT(^ fxeXriaec. X^'^P^ ^' ^^ dcacfyOepcb, 

• •••«•••• 

dXX^ elfxc yap dr) rXrjptoveardrTjv bSbv, 
Kac Touads nkpufjiD rXrjpLovearkpav 'in, 
Tzdidac npoaecTzelv ^06X0 fxac. dbr^ o) reKva, 
dbz' dandaaadai ptrjTpc d£$idv ^l/Oa. 
d) (fyiXrdTif) x^^^P) (j^'^Xrazov dk poc arbpa, 
Kal oxT)pa Kal Tupbaconov euyevkc zkKvojv, 
eudaipovdcTOv dXX^ sKe'C rd d' evOdde 
Trarrjp d<j)ecXeT\ J) yXuKeia npoo^oXrj, 
(I) paXdaKbc XP^C T^ysOpd 6' r)dcoTOv tskvcov. 
XOJpslre ;^£t>|0£?T'* ooKer' el pi npoo^Xknecv 
oca t' If bpag, dXXd viKcbpac KaKolg. 

— Euripides, Medea, 1021-1077. 

Page 147 

Tuptov did pa Xcnouo^ l^av 
aKpodcvca Ao$lq 
0oivcGoag dnb vdoou 



268 APPENDIX 



0oc^q) douXa jjsMdpcjv, 
^v' unb dsipdai vi(j)o^bXocc 
Uapvaaou Karevdodirj. 

'iz£ ds KaazaXcag udcop 
kncixkvec /jl£ Koptac ^fJ-^c 
deuaac Ttapdkvcov i^cdav 
0oi^£iaia£ Xarpecoug. 
cu) Xd[mouaa Tckzpa nupbc 
d£KOpu<f>coi> akXac unep aKpojv 
BaKx^lav Acovuaou, 
diva 6^ a Kada/xkpiov 
ozd^siC zbu TtoXuKapnov 
olvdvdag hlaa j^bzpuv, 
tedded z' dvzpa dpdKovzoc, ou- 
psiac z£ oKomal Oeojv, 
vc<j)b^oXbv t' opog Ipbv, el- 
Xcooiov ddavdzac Oeou 
Xopbg yevocfiav dcjyo^oc 
Tzapd p.eobfi(j)aXa yuaXa ^bt^ou, 

— r Euripides, Phoenissae, 202-207, 222-238. 

Page I4g 

apptaza fxlv zdds XaptTrpd zed pcTtnixJV' 

T)Xtog T^djj XdfjLTzec Kazd yfjv, 

dazpa de ^eoyec nop zbd' dTt' aldkpog 

eg vox" cepav, 

IlapvrjOiddec ^' d^azoc Kopo^al 

KazaXafiTtbfieva: zijv r}fxepcav 

d(plda ppozolijc de^ovzai. 

(Tp.upv7jc d' dvudpoo Kanvbc elg bpb<})Oug 



APPENDIX 269 



0oc^ou nkzeraCf 

ddaasi de yuvi) rp'cnoda C^dOeov 

AeX<j)cg, decdoua' "EXXijai f^odc, 

etc otv 'AnoXXojv KeXadrjarj. 

dXr , d) 0O£^ou Aek<j)ol dkpaneCf 

rdf KaaxaXcac dpyupoecdaic 

^ouvere d'cvag, Kadapacg de dpoaoic 

d(f>ud pavdfievoi Gre'cj^eze vaouc" 

ozo/ia t' eu(j)Tifxov (ppoupsit' dyadbv, 

(jyrjfiag t' dyaOdc zoic kdkXouacv 

Havzeueodac 

yXcoaarig Id'cag dnocjiacveiv. 

r)pi£~ic de nbvooc ouc; eK nacdbc 

fioj^doupiev del, itzbpdocac dd(f)vrjc 

ozecj^eoh 6' cepolc eabdouc 0O£^ou 

Kadapdc dTjoOfxev uypacc ze nkdov 

pavcocv vozepbv, ttztjvojv t' dykkac, 

a? ^Xdnzouacv 

oepLv' dvadrjfiaza, zb^ocaiv efiolg 

(jyuyddag d-qGOfiev coc T^P OLfi-qzcop 

dndzojp ze jeycjc zouf dpecpavzac 

0oc^ou vaobc depaneuco. 

ay' d) verjdaXec cb 
KaXXhzac TzponbXeufia ddcpvac, 
a zdv 0oipou dufikXav 
oacpeic bnb vaolg 
KTjTTOJV e$ ddavdzojv, 
Iva dpoGot zeyyouo' cepal 
zdv dkvaov naydv 
kK7zpo"ie~caac 



270 APPENDIX 



fxupahac lepav <j)bpav, 

a aaipix) ddnedov OeoO 

navafjkpcoc ajj.' deX'cou Ttrkpuyc doq 

Xarpsucov to Kar' T)p.ap, 

d) Ilaidv (I) UaiOLVf 

eucuojv eudioju 

b'ctjc, d> AaroOg nac. 

KaXbv ye zov nbvov, o) 

Qoilpz, aot TTpo db/icov Xarpsuco, 

Tijjwv jiavrelov edpav 

KXeivbc d^ b Ttbvoc JJ-OC, 

Oeoiacv douXav x^p' '^X^^^f 

ou dvarocg, dXX^ dOavdrocC" 

eu<j)d{iocc ds Ttbvoic pLo^decv 

00 K dnoKdfivoj. 

0o~cpbc fioc yevkTOJp TraTrjp, 

Tov ^boKOVza yap euXoyo), 

TO d^ (bcjykXcfiov kfiol TcaTspoc ovo/ia Xkyoj 

Oocpou Tou KaTOL vabv. 

(b Ilaidv d) Iloudv, 

euoicov euoiajv 

drjc, d) AaToug not. 

— Euripides, Ion, 82-142. 

Page 152 



XO. a' . ouK Iv Tocc (^adkacg 'Add- 
vacc euKcovBg T)oav an- 
Xai Oecbv jibvov, oud' dfui- 
aTcdec Oe panel ou' 



APPENDIX 271 



dXXa Koc napa Ao^'iq 

T^ Aarobc dcdufxojv Ttpoad)- 

TtCDv KaXXc^Xk<j)apov (j)cbc. 
XO . /9'. Idoij rdvd' ddpTjoov, 

Aepvacov udpav kvacpec 

j[puakai^ dpTzacc b Acb^ nacg* 

(j)cXa, npbocd^ baaocc. 
XO. a . bp(Jj. KOC TzkXac dXXoc od- 

TOO navbv nopccjyXeKTOV dc- 

pec TiC dp^ oc i/JLOcoi /xu- 

deuezac napd nrjvacc 

doncoTag 'IbXaoc, bf 

KOivouc acpb/ievoc nbvooc 

Acoj Tzaidc aovavxXec ; 
XO . y' . KOC (idv rbvd' ddpfjaov 

TZTEpouvToc e(l)edpov ^cnnow 

rdv nop nvkouaav kvacpec 

TpcawpLarov dXKdv. 
XO. a . navrd roc ^Xk(f)apov diCOKO), 

GKe^ac KXbvov ev zecj^eoi 

Xacvococ r cjdvTOJv . 
XO. d' . (hde dspKbfjisd', w (j)iXae, 
XO. e' . Xeuaaecc oOv kn^ ^EyKsXddq) 

yopjojnbv ndXXouaav 'ctuv ; 
XO. c' ' Xeuaaoj IlaXXdd' kp.dv debv. 
XO. ^' . Ti ydp ; Kspauvbv 

dfi(f>£7tupov bppcfxov kv Jibe 

EKTj^bXoiGi ;f£|0(7^v ; 
XO. 7j'. bpo), rbv ddiov Miptavra 

nope KazacdaXol. 
XO. d' . KOC Bpbfxcog dXXov 



272 APPENDIX 



dnoXkfxocg Kcaocvoioc ^aKxpocc 
kvacpec Fdc rsKvajv o j^aK^euf. 

— Euripides, Ion, 184-218. 

jPage 161 

npcoTOV fi£i> £uxf) Tfjde Tcpsaj^euoj dedJv 
rijv TtpojTdjj.avziv Facav £k dk rijc Skficv, 
fj di) TO fXTjipoc deozkpa rod' s^szo 
liavzecov, (be Xbyog rcg' kv dk rco rphq) 
Mj^se, deXo6aT}g, oudk itpbg ^cav xcvbc, 
Tczavcc olXXt) nacc j^dovbf Kadk^ezo 
0o:[^7j' didojGC d' rj yevkdXcov dbocv 
Oo'c^co' zb 0ocpr}g d' ovo/jl' exec napcbvufiov. 
Xcnojv dk Xciivqv AfjXcav ze ^ocpada, 
KkXaac ejr' aKzac vaunbpouc zac IlaXXddoc, 
If Z7]vd£ jatav i}Xd£ Ilapvqaooij 6' £dpac. 
Tzk/inouac d' auzbv Kal o£J^£^oua£V fikya 
K£X£udo7zococ 7tacd£c ^Hcpaiazou x^bva 

dvr}p.£pOV Zcd£VZ£C r}}X£p(DfX£VTjV. 

fxoXbvza d' anzbv Kapza zcp.aX(f)£'i X£(hg, 
j£X(f)bc z£ X(x)pac zfiGd£ TtpupLvrjzrjc dva$, 

T£JV7Jf ^1 V£V Z£UC £l>d£OV KZCOa^ ^pkvttf 

^(^£i zkzapzov zbvd£ p.dvzcv kv Opovocg' 
Jibe TcpocferjZTjc ^' £ozc Ao$iae nazpbC' 
zouzouc iv £dxouc (j>pOiiiid^opLai 6£ouc- 
IJaXXdc Ttpovaca <5' Iv Xbyocc 7zp£aj3£U£zae. 
okpio dk v6fx(j)ag, IvOa KojpuKcc Tvkzpa 
KocXi), (j)cXopvcc, dacfibvajv dvaazpo(f)rj' 
(Bpoficog d^ £X£C zbv x'^pov, odd' dp.vrjiJ.ov6J, 
k^ ouz£ BaKXOLcg £azpazr)yqa£v 6£bc, 
Xayoj dcK-qv n£vd£~c Kazappdcpac pbpov) 



APPENDIX 273 



nXecaxoiJ re nTjyac, koc Iloaecdcbvog Kpdzof 
KaXouaa, koc TkXecov u(p£aTov Aca. 
enecra /xdvrcc £iC dpbvouc Kadi^dvoj. 

— Aeschylus, Eumen. 1-29. 

I^age 16/ 

kfioc narrip pikv TIoXu^oc tjv Kophdio^, 
fn^Tfjp de MepoTTTj Jcopif. -qjofxriv d' dvrjp 
doTOJv /jkyiOTOc Tcbv £Kel, nph fioc tuxt) 
roidd' kneoxri, Oaufidaac pkv d^'ca, 
oTzoudfjc ys likvTOc ZTJc ^JJ-^JC ouK d^ca. 
dvqp fdp kv decnvocc fi' bnepnX-qadelc (ikdji 
KaXsi Tzap^ dcvco nXaorbc ^r ecfjv narpc. 
lidjoj ^apuvdelg ttjv filv ouaav rjfxkpav 
fioXic Karkaj^oi), ddzepq d' Icbv nkXa^ 
/jLrjTpdc Trarpoc t' riXeyiov oc de dua(f)6p0JC 
TOUVEidoc fjfov TO) fxedevTC zbv Xbyov. 
Kayd) zd pkv kscvocv krepTzbiirjv, oficog d* 
£KvcC,k /i' del Toud^' U(f)e~cp7ze yap tzoXu. 
Xddpa de fiTjrpbc Koi narpbc nopeuo/iai 
Uudcbde, KOC //' 6 0oc^og djv fxev cKbfxrjv 
drifiov e^e7tefX(l)ev, dXXa d^ dOXca 
KOC decvd koI dooTTjva 7rpou<j)T)vev Xeyojv, 
(be pLTjTpc /lev xpe'iri pie /axOrivac, yevog d' 
dzXfjTOV dvdpchnocac d-qXajoocfi^ bpdv, 
(^ovebc <5' eoocfiriv too (f)UTeuaavToc naxpbg, 
Kaycj ^TtaKOuaag raura z^v KopcvO'cav 
darpocg to Xocnbv eK/xerpoupievoc X^^^^ 
ecj^euyov, evOa jirjTror' b(l)oc[ir}v KaKcbv 
Xpr]aiJ.(I)i> bve'cdrj zcbv efxcbv reXoufieva. 
areix^JV d' cKVoupLac zouade zob^ x^P^^^y ^^ ^^C 



274 APPENDIX 



ab xbv Tupavvov xourov oXkuaOac Xkyecc* 
Kac aoc, yuvac, xdX-qdlc ^^spd). xpcnXrjg 
or' f^v KeXeudoo rijad^ bdoinopcbv neXac, 
evToDdd pLOi KTipu^ re kcltzI ncoXcKfig 
dvrip aTZTjVTjc e/i^s^cjc, dlov ou (j>rjg, 
^uvi)VTca(^ov' Kd$ bdoO /x' b 6' T)y£ix(hv 
auxbg 6^ b npko^ug npbg ^cav jjXauvkrrjv. 
Kdyu) zbv kKxpknovra, xbv zpoxrjXdrTjv, 
Tza'iio dc' bpyfjc' f^oii p.' b Ttpko^ug ibg bpq 
b^ouc napaaze'cxovTa rrjprjaac pkoov 
Kapa dcnXocc Kevrpocac pou KadUero. 
ou p-qv 'cGTjV y^ euoev, dXXa auvrbvcoc 
aKrjTcrpcp ximecg bk rrjade x^^P^^ UTtTcog 
pkarjc d7ti)VT}g euduf sKKuXcvderar 
Kze'ivco de roue ^upnavTac. d dk rep $kvq) 
Touxcp npooTjKSi Acuoo Tc aoyyeveg, 
Tcc kxdpodacpcov pdXXov dv ykvocr^ dvrjp ; 
rcc Touds rdvdpbc ior' It' ddXicorepoc ', 
bv p-q ^kvcov 'i^eazc prjd' darcbv tcvc 
dbpocc dkx^adac, prjde Tcpoacfxijvelv zcvd, 
ibdecv d* dn' ockojv. Kal rdd' ourcg dXXog qv 
7} 'yd) 't:' kpauTO) rdad' dpdc b npoazcdecC' 

prj djjza, pij drjr' , d> dsojv dyvbv akj^ac, 
'cdocpc rauzTjv ijpkpav, dXX' sk ^porcbv 
^acfjv d^avTog npbadev ^ zoidvd' Ideiv 
K7)X~cd' kpaurq) oupcpopdc d<j>iy pkvr}v . 

— Sophocles, Oed. Tyr. 774-833. 



APPENDIX 275 



Page lyo 

IjkXnec d^ kv dkvdpeac Xenxav 
d7)d(x)v dpjiovcav 
bpdpeuofxkva ybocc 
"Iwv "Iwv Ttokudp-qvov. 

— Euripides, Fragment 775. 

Page lyo 

el dl KOpei rcg TzkXag ocojvonbXojv 
'ifyacoc, oIkzov ocKxpov dicov 
do^daec nc aKOueiv ona rdc Trjpsiac 
pLTjTidoc ocKTpdc dXh^ou 
KipKfjMrou t' df]d6voc" 
dz' dnb yojpujv nozafiojv t' elpyojukva 
Tzevdec vkocKzov olzov ijdkcov, 
^uvzcdr)Oi de nacdbg /ibpov, (be auzo(f)bv(oc 
wXszo npbc X^cpbc Wev, 
dua/j.dzopoc Kbzou zuyjihv. 

— Aeschylus, Supplices, 56-65. 

Page lyi 

dXX^ kpk y^ d azovbeaa' dpapsv ^pkvaCy 
d "Izuv, aclv "Izuv bXo(f)6pEzac, 
bpvcg dzu^optha, Acbg ajjeXoc. 

— Sophocles, Electra, 147-149. 

Page I'll 

dye, a6vvo{xk jioi, nauoac fikv uthvou, 
Xuaov de vbjiouc cepcjv u/xvcov, 
ouc did de'coo ozbfxazog dprjvelc 
zbv kfibv Koc GOV TtoXudaKpuv "Izuv 



276 APPENDIX 



kXeXcf^ofxevrig d' kpolc iJ-kXeocv 

ykvuoc ^oudfjc 

KaOapa x^P^~^ ^^^ (jyuXXoKOfiou 

a/jLiXaKoc rj/co npb^ Acbg edpa^, 

?v' 6 /puaoKojiac ^oc^og (XKouajv 

Tolc Golg kXkyocg avTCipaXXajv 

kXe(f)avxbdETOv (jibpficyya Oecbv 

'iorrjGi y^opoug' dca d' ddavdxojv 

GTOjidrcov x^P^^i ^u(i(j)UJiiog bp.ou 

de'ca iiaKapojv bXoXofi). 

— Aristophanes, Omithes, 209-222. 

Page I'J2 

^/JLOC d' acjXi]evTa 7:epcaTpk(j)eT^ oupavbv dor pa 
TtavTode fiapfxacpovra, Ttbvou d' kncXrjderac dvjjp, 
Stj tot' 'Adif]va£T) ptaKdpcov edoc alnb Xcnouaa 
riXude napdevcKj) dnaXbypo'c ttovt' ecKula 
If VTJac Kae Xabv dpr]£(f>cXou 0' dp' 'Enuou 
eaTTj uTtep K£(f>aX7Jc sv bvecpd'c, Kac jicv dvcjyec 
TEU^ai doupcov "cnnov £(j)rj ok 0} kyKovkovTc 
auTTj auyKafj£££V, outtj d' d(j)ap dy/bdi ^fjvac 
epyov eg oTpuvouaa' Oefjc d' bye p.udoD dKouaag 
Kay/f^Xbcov dvd Oufibv dK-qdkog eKdopev unvou' 
eyvco d' dddvaTov Oebv d/i^poTov oudk ol rjTOp 
dXXo 7Tap£$ iopixaiV£, vbov d' ejev allv kn' epyco 
d£G7t£ac(i)' ncvuTT) dk 7Z£pc (f>p£vac T^i£ Thx^T}. 

'Hojc d' oTtTtbd' ^cKav£v dTtcoaafjkvq KV£(f)ag 7)b 
eif £p£poc, x^ponr^ dk dc' rjkpoc t^cev acyXif), 
d-^ tote dfiOV bv£CpOV £V ' ApY£cococv 'EitEibg, 
(Of 'cdev, (Of TjKouaev, keXdofxkvotacv eecnev 
dc dk ol ££aouovT£C dnEcpkocov KE^dpovTo. 

— Q. Smyrnaeus, xii. 104-121. 



APPENDIX 277 



Page 7/7 

XO , Opkofxac (jiopspa fxeydX^ d^rj. 
fiedelzai axpaxbc orpavoTredov XctcojV 
pEC TzoXbc ode Xecbc npboponog cnnbxa^' 
aWspca Kovcg fie necOec (j)aveia\ 
dvaudog aa<j)-qc eTUpLOC dyyeXof. 
£U dk ydc kfidc Tiedc' onXoKzun^ (hoc /pijiTrTei ^odv 
nordzac, ^pkfiei d' dfia^kzou d'cKav odaroc bporunou, 
i(h l(h, deol deac z\ bpb/ievov KaKbv dXeuoaze' 

^od unkp zziykujv 
XeuKaoncc opvuzac Xabg euzpenr^g knl noXiV 

dicoKOJV nbda. 
Tig dpa puaszac, zee o.p^ knapKeoec Oeojv tj Oedv ; 

npodibaecg, naXacxOiov "-Aprig, zdv zedv ydv] 
(b xp^f^onrjXrj^ ddifiov, emd^ 'incde nbXcv 
zedv, dv Tzoz' w(j)iXr}zav Woo. 
deoc noXidoxoc \jdovbc^ 'iz' 'he ndvzec c5, 
^cdeze napOkvcov cKeocov Xb^ov douXoauvac unkp. 

KUfia \jdp^ Tzepl nzbXcv 
doxfJ-oXo(l)dv dvdpcbv Ka^Xd^ei nvodic "Apeog bpbfxevov. 
dXX\ d) Zeu Ttdzep navzeXec, 
Ttdvzcjg dpr)^ov douojv dXajacv. 
^Apyk'ioi dk TrbXiOfia Kddjiou 
KUKXoOvzar <i)b^og d' dpe'iojv ottXcoV 
dcddezoc ze di) ykvoog Inncag 
Kcvupovzat <j)bvov x^^Xcvo'c. 
STZzd d' djdvopeg Tzpknovzec azpazou 
dopuoaolg adyacg noXacc k^dbfiacg 
TtpOGcazavzac ndXco Xa^bvzec 

— Aeschylus, The Seven against Thebes, 78-119. 



278 APPENDIX 



Page lyg 

XO. d) Tidzpac OriP'f}^ 'ivocKOc, Xeuaaer^ Oldcnouc 

hde, 
oc TO, KXe'cv^ alvcYfxax^ ydei koc Kparcaxog ^v dvjjp, 
ooTcg 01) (^rjXcp tzoXctcov ttjc TyjT^f hnk^Xenev. 
ecg oaov KXudojva decvfjc Gupi(f)opdc kXrjXudsv. 
wore dvrjrdv bvr' eKe'cvrjv rijv reXeoxa'caD xp^ihv 
Tj/xkpav kncGKOTZouvxa jj.rjdkv' bX^'cC^ecv, nptv dv 
zepfia zoO ^cou Tiepdaj) nrjdkv dXjeivbv naOibv. 

— Sophocles, Oed. Tyr. 1 523-1 530. 

Page 180 
lb ZepkXac zpocpoc 6f}- 
poi oz£(f)avouod£ Kcaacp' 
ppueze ^pu£Z£ x^orjps: 
GficXaKc KaXXiKapnip, 
KOC Kaza^aKXiouade dpuoc 
^ eXdzac KXddoiac, 
oziKzcov z' kvduzd ve^pcdojv 

azk(l)£Z£ X£UK0ZpC10JV TtXoKdfJLOJV 

liaXXolg' dju^c dk vdpdrjKac u^pc- 

Gzdg oGiouGd', ODZCKa yd ndGa xop£UG£i, 

Bpbfuoc £5z' dv dyjj didGOug 

elg bpoc £cc opog, 'ivda pkv£C 

6f)Xuy£vrjc oxXog 

d(j)' iGZ(jL)V Tzapd K£pKcdct)v t' 

0£GZprj6££C dcOVOGlp. 

• •••••■•• 

Tjdbc £V oup£GCV bg dv 

kK dcdGOJV dpoptaicov 

nkGT) 7t£dbG£, v£ppcdog 'ixoJV 



APPENDIX 279 



hpov kvduxbv, dypeuojv 

a}fia zpayoKTovoVf d>piO(f)dyov x^P^^t 

Ikfjsvoc ££C op^a Opuyta, Audea, 

b d' 'i^apxoc Bpopaoc, suol. 

pfc dk ydXaKTi nkdov, pec d' dcvip, pel de fueXtaodv 

v'eKzapc, lopcag d' d>c Xc^dvoo Kanvbg, 

b paK^euc d' e^cov 

Tzupoixjdi) ^Xbya TzeuKag 

eK vdpdjjKoc diooec 

dpbfup, ^opouc epedc^cov nXavdraf, 

laxcuc t' dvandXXiov , 

zpu(f)epbv nXoKajiov eif aWepa pinxojv, 

afia d' eTt^ eudanaacv em^pkfJLe: 

romd'' 0) */t£ j^dK^a:, 

(b 'he ^dK^cu, 

TpwXou ipuaopboij x^^^^t 

pkXneze zbv Aibvoaov 

papoj^pbfiojv UTzb zoinzdvojv, 

euca zbv ebcov dyaXXofievai Oebv 

kv Opoyiouac jiodcc evondcGc ze, 

Xojzbc bzav euKeXadoc hpbc cepa 

nauYfiaza Ppep.rj obvoxa <^oczdatv 

e\Q bpoc eic opoc' rjdo/ieva d' dpa 

TtcbXog onojg d/ia [lazkpc (j)op^ddi 

K(bXov ayec zaxonouv aKcpzrjiiaac [^dKxa. 

— Euripides, Bacchae, 105-119, 135-169. 



Page 18/ 

XdXenbv 
6ed)v 7:apazpk(pai vbov 
dvdpeaacv kncxdovcocc. 



280 APPENDIX 



Kal yap av nXd^cnnoc Oheuc 

Ttauaev KaXuKOGT£(j)dvou 

ae/ivdc xbXov 'Apreiadoc XtoKcoXkvou 

Xiaabiievoc noXkcov 

z' alyajv duacacoc Tzavrjp 

KOi ^OibV ^OiViKOVaJTCOV. 

dXX' dvcKazov Bed 

^aj^ev ibXov, eopu^tav d' eaasule] Koupa 

Kdnpov dvaidofidxav 

ec KaXXi/opov KaXudoj- 

v^' *ivda 7iXf}fxup(jjv odkvec 

opxouc eTceKscpev ddovn, 

a(j>d^k T£ p.fjXa, ^pOToJv 

o ooTif sicravT av fxpAoc. 

rep dk oTuyepdv dfjpcv ^EXXdvojv dpcaroi 

ozaadned' kvduKkcoc 

e^ dfjLaza auvexkojc' knel dk dacpxov 
Kdpzoc AlzcoXoic ope^ev, 
ddnzofxev ouc Kazknecj)- 
V£V ouc kpc^puxac sTcdiaoajv ^cq, 

• •••••• 

Segzcou Kodpa doucjipojv 

fidzTip KaKonozjioc kfioc 

^ouXeuoev oXsOpov dzdp^aKzog yovd. 

Ka'ck Z£ dacdaXkag 

£K XdpvaKog iOKUflOpOV 

<j>czpbv dfKXanaaaa* zbv drj 

fidlp^ kmKXcooev zbzs 

t^iodg bpov dfxezkpac 'i/ipL£V» 



APPENDIX 281 



luvovda dk HOC (pox^ yXoKela' 
yvdjv d' bXcyoadevkojv, 
(uac Tzufiarov dk nvkojv daKpuaa T^[(z/ia>y] 
dyXaav i/j^av TzpoXecnwv, 

(j)aolv ddecoc^bav 

^A/icfuTpucovoc na'ida ptoOvov drj rove 
zky^ac ^Xk(j)apov, zaXanevOkoc 
nbrpov olKxecpovxa <J)ojt6c- 

KaC VCV d/X££^6pL£V0C 

rod' 'i(j)a' OvaToilac /jltj <j)Ovai (jikpiorov, 
prjT* deXcou npoacdecv 
^kyyoC' dXX^ 01) yap rcc kazcv 
npd^cg rdde iiupofxkvocc, 

— Bacchylides, v. 94-116, 137-144, 1 51-163. 

Page 193 
ufikojv d^ o^c Tzep 'iaacv dpiazfjec Havaxdcibv, 
odd' ol 7:po(j)povkoJC p£p.ad' ^EKzopoc dvzcov eXdelv,** 
^Qc vsiKsaa' b ykpcov, ol d' kvvka ndvz£c dvkazav, 
(hpzo TcoXu npwzog pkv dva^ dvdpcbv 'Aya/ikfivcov, 
Zip d' STtl Tude1d7)C (hpzo Kpazepbc Jcop-^drjc, 
zo~cac d' kn' A'iavzsc, Ooupcv knceipkvot dXKiijv, 
zo'coi d' err' 'Idopeveuc Kal bndcov 'Idopsvfjoc, 
MrjpibvTjC, dzdXavzoc 'EvuaXccp dvd pEccfybvzr} , 
zdlac d' kn' EuponuXog, Edaipovoc dyXabg ulbCf 
dv de Obac 'Avdpa:povcdT}c fca} d'ioc 'Oduaaeuc' 
Trdvzsc dp' o*c y' WeXov 7ioXtpc(^£cv ^EKzopc dco). 
zoic d' oLztg pezk£i7t£ Feprjvioc cnnbza Nkazojp' 
^'nXi^pq) vuv nendXaaOe dcapnepkc, og ks Xd^JjOiv' 
odzoc yap di) bvrjoei kuKvrjpidac 'AxacouC} 
Kal d' ajuzbc ov dupbv bvqaezac, dl K£ <j)uyr}ai 



282 APPENDIX 



dfjcou EK TzoXkpLoco KOi acvfjg drj'cozfJTOC'" 

'^Qc £(j>(iO\ ol dk KXfjpov karjfiifjvavro eKaaroCf 
kv d' 'ipaXov Kuvkj) 'Aya/ikpLVovof 'At peed ao. 
Xaol d' TjprjaavTOf Oeoioc dk x^~^P^C dvkaxov 
(bde dk Tcc e'lneaKBV cdujv sec oupavbv eupuv 
^' ZeO Ttdxep, § Acavza Xaxe'ev, rj Tudkog ulbvy 
§ a/jTov ^aockfja noXoxpoaoco MuKTjvrjc." 

"^Qc dp' l^av, ndXXev dk FeprjVioc cTznoxa Nkarcopf 
eK d' Wope KXijpoc kuvstjc, ov dp' rjdeXov auroc, 
Alavxog' Kfjpu$ dk ^kpojv dv' bpuXov dnavrrj 
del^' kvdk^ca ndacv dpearrjeaoiv 'Axoucbv, 
oi d' ou ycyvibaKOVTec dTtTjvrjvavro eKaazoc* 
dXX' 0T£ dij xbv "cKave (j)kpajv dv' bfJuXov aTtdvzjjy 
be IJLiv kTzc-fpdijjag Kuvkrj j^dXe, (j)acdcfj.oc A'iaCy 
tJ to( unkaxeOe X^'^P> ^ ^' dp' eja^aXev dfx^ Ttapaazdc, 
yvd) dk kXtjpou OTJpLa Idibv, yrjdTjoe dk dupu^. 
zbv fjjkv nap nod' kbv xf^pi-ddic PdXe <pd)V7)akv ze' 
*^ d) <f)cXoe, J} zot kXtjpoc kfibc, X^'^P^ ^^ '^"^ auzbc 
OojMi), end doKeoj vcKTjokpev ^'Enzopa d~cov. 

— Homer, II. vii. 159-192. 

Page igs 

'^Apt^TOV pkv ^dojp, b dk XP^^^C aiObfjjevov nop 

dze dcanpknec vukzI p^ydvopog l^oxa nXo6zou' 

el d' dedXa yapuev 

IXdeai, (jicXov ^zop, 

fi-^Ked' dXhu oKonee 

dXXo daXnvbzepov ev djuepq (j>aevvbv dazpov ep-^/iac dc* 

aWkpoc' 
fiTjd' 'OXufincac dycova (f)epzepov aoddaopjev 
bdev b noXo^azoc u/ivoc diKpc^dXXezac 



APPENDIX 283 



Kpbvou nacd\ 

— Pindar, Ol. i. i-io. 

Page igy 

keuKcokve KaXXcbnay 

GTdaov eunocT}xov apfia 

ODXoby dca T£ Kpovibav 

ufivTjaov 'OXu/in£ov dpxafdv deojv, 

Tov r' aKapLavzopoav 

^AX(j)ebv, IlkXonbg re /?^av, 

KOi Ilcoav, evd^ b KXeevvbc 

\7t0\aGl vcKOLoag dpbfup 

[oiJ^Jsy QepkvcKo^ kunupyouc lopaKouO' 

aac, ^Ikpcovi ^kpojv 

[sud^aifioviac TiezaXov, 

— Bacchylides, v. 176-186. 

Page igy 

Marep <L xpuaoaT£(f)dv(ov dkOXojv OuXupLTtca, 

dkonoiv' dXadsiac' ?i^a /idvuec dvdpec 

kfiTTupoic T£Kpia£pbpLevo£ napanecpujvxac Jibe dpyiKS- 

pauvou, 
£*e uv' 'i^si Xbyov dvdpihnojv nkpe 
ptacofikvcov fxeydXav 
dpexdv dujjx^ Xa^elv, 
tibv de pibx^^^ dimvodv 

dvezac dk npbg x^P^'^ euaefi^ac dvdpcbv Xnaic- 

dXX' d) Ilcaac tudevdpov kn' ^AX(f>ico dXooc, 

xbvde K(i)fiov Koc ox£(l>ava<f)Opcav dk$ai. jakya xoc 



284 APPENDIX 



^TiVi GOV ykpag eam)T^ dyXabv 

aXXa d' kn' dXXov ^av 

dyadojv, noXXal d* bdoc 

auv deolc ^unpayiag. 

— Pindar, Ol. viii. 1-14. 

Page ig8 

Kae tot' kyecvaro naida noXurponov, alfiuXofn^zrjv, 
Xfjiaxfip^ eXazfjpa ^ocov, rjyqrop^ bvdpojv, 
vuKTog oTtajTzrjTTJpa, TzuXrjdoKov, 5f Ta/' 'ifj^XXev 
dfx^avkecv kXutol epya fiez' ddavdrocac deolaiv. 
7jq)oc yeyovihg pkoo) TjfxaTc kyKcOdpcl^sVj 
kankpcoc Pooc KXkiffev skyj^oXou 'ATtbXXwvog, 
rer pddi rfj nporkpj), rfj fuv reKs Tzbrvca Mala, 
og Kal knd drj [xfjTpbc dn^ ddavdxcov dbpe juiCJV, 
ouKkxe djjpbv £K£(TO fikviov hpc^ kvc XcKVip, 
dXX^ y' dvac^ac C,'r)'C£c ^bag ^inbXXcovog, 
oudbv unsppouvcov uipTjpecfyeog dtvzpoio. 

— Homer, Hymn to Hermes, 13-23. 

Page 200 

<h ntXoTtoc d npbadev 
noXunovog Inneiaj 
(bg epLoXeg alavri 
rqde yq. 

edze yap b novrcadelg 
MupTiXog kKocfiddf}, 
7:ayxpuaco)i> bk dicppcov 
duaxdvoeg acKcacg 
npbppci^og eKpi^delg, 
oIj xc noj 



APPENDIX 285 



eXcnev ek rood' dcKou 

TZoXuTzovog acKca. 

— Sophocles, Electra, 504-515. 

Page 201 

npbc eudvdepLov d* ore ^uav 
Xdx'^OLC viv fxkXav ykvecov epecpov, 
kroipLov aii£(pp6vTiaev jdp.ov 

Uiadra napa narpbg eudo^ov ^Imzoddfieeav 
Gx^dkp.Bv. dyx^ ^' kXdojv noXcdg dXbc diog kv '6p(j>vq 
dnuev ^apuKwnov 
EuTpcaivaV b d' anxq) 
nap node a^edbv (f)dv7). 

to) pkv sine' ' ' 0iXia dcbpa Kimpiag dy^ £? zijUooeedaov, 
kc xdpiv 

rkXXszai, nkdaaov ejx^C Ohojidou xdXKSov, 

kfxl d' knc raxordrcov nopsuaov dpfxdrcov 

kc '^AXiv, Kpdzec 31 nkXaaov. 

knee rpelg re Kal Sck' dvdpag bXkaacc 



T£ 

"ic ' 

''km} 

'' kpcovzac dva^aXXezai ydfiov 

'' du-jfazpoc. 

wc evvsnev odd' dKpdvzocg e(f)d((faz' wv eneae. zbv pkv 

dydXXojv debc 
edwKev dc(j)pov ze xP'^^^ov nzepolacv z' dKdfxavzag 

"innoog. 
eXev d' Oho/idou ^cav napdkvov ze adveuvov 

— Pindar, Ol. i. 67-88. 



286 APPENDIX 



Page 20J 

^AXk£vooc dk tot' ^px^7 Obojv dno fx-qdea eidcoc' 

rod ptsv ip-T) npbg doj/ia Oea yXauKOj-Kcc 'AOijvrj, 

vboTOv 'Oduaarji fxeyaX-qTOpc jnjTidoJoa. 

^7} d' 'eptev kc ddXafiov noXudcudaXov, (p eve Koupi) 

KOi/idz' ddavaxTjoc (f)U7jv Kal eidog bp.o(7)j 

NauacKOLa, duydxrjp psjaX-qropoc ^AXkcvooco, 

Trap dk do' djKpinoXoe, Xaphcov dno KdXXog e^oijaac, 

azadfioTiv cKdrspde' Oupac d' knkKetvxo (j)a£ivac. 

T] d' dvkfiou (jjg nvoiTj knkaouTO dkp.vca Kouprjc, 

ar^ d' dp^ unkp K£(l)aX7Jc, kou pxv npbg pLOov hcnev, 

• •••••••• 

^^ NavocKda, tc v6 o' wde p^drjiiova yecvaxo ji-fjZTjp; 
ecfiara fjiv toe Kslzae dK7)dka acyaXbevra, 
aoi dl ydfioc a^edbv korcv, tva xp'f) KaXd fxev auzrjv 
evvuadou, zd dk zdiac napaox^'ev oi ks a' dyojvzae. 
SK yap zoi zouzcov (jydzic dvOpwizouc dva^ouvu 
kadXijy ;^ai|Ooy(T^v dk izazrip Kal Tzbzvea jj.-^z7)p. 
dXX^ 'io/iev TtXuvkouaae dp.* tjoI (f>aivopikvT)(j)c' 
Koi zoc kyu) ouvkpcdoc dp.* e(popai, o<j)pa zdxicrra 
kvzuveoi, sTzs} ou zoc Izc dijv napdkvoc eoaeac' 
T}dr) fdp G£ pvibvzac dpeazjjec Kazd dfjpov 
ndvzojv 0acrjKOJv, oOc zoe ykvog kazc Kal adzjj. 
dXX* dy' knbzpuvov nazkpa KXozbv ijwdi npb 
Tjpxbvouc Kal dpa$av kcjiOizXcaac, t] ksv dyrjOi 
(^(jjozpd ze Kal TzknXouc Kal prjyea oeyaXbsvza. 
Kal dk aol (I)d* adzfj noXb KdXXcov rjk nbdeaacv 
epX^adac noXXbv yap dnb nXuvoc doc ttoXtjoc-" 

^H pkv dp' S)C elnoua' dTzkpT) yXauKcoTicc *Ad-qvr) 
OuXopnbvd' , hOe <j)aal Oecov edoc dacjyaXkc ahl 
eppsvai' oIjz* dvkpocae zevdaaezai ouze noz* op^pco 



APPENDIX 287 



deuerai ooze x^^^ kncTzcXvazac, dXXa fidX^ did pi] 
nkn-caxac dvk<j)eXoc, XeuKTj d' kncd'edpojiev dcfXf)' 
TO) eve zkpTzovxac p.dKap£c deoc rifxaza ndvza. 
'ivd' dnkp-q yXaoKOJTCcc, knel dcsnkcjypade Koupj). 

Auz'cKa d' 'Hd)c rjXdev kudpovog, tj pav 'iyecps. 
NauacKaav ebneTiXov' d(f>ap d' dnedau/xao' ovecpov, 
pfj d' 'cfievae did dco/iad' , ^y' dyyecXecE zoKsuae, 
Ttazpc (jicXo) KOi fiTjzpc' KcxT]oazo d' Ivdov kbvzag' 
^ pkv en' eaidpr) Tjazo abv dfi^cnoXoioc yovac^iv, 
TjXdKaza ozpcocj^djo' dXcTcbp(j>upa' zq) de Oupa^e 
kp^ofxevcp ^u(i^X7]zo fiezd KXeczouc ^aocXfjag 
eg l^ouXrjv, 'eva p.cv KdXeov ^acrjKec dyauoi. 
T) dk p.dX' dyxi ozdaa (f)cXov naze pa npoaeecne' 

** Udnna (j)cX\ ouk dv dr) fiOi e(j)onXcooecag dnrjvrjv 
d(fi7jXrjv euKOKXov, ^cva KXuzd e'i/jtaz' dyoj/xae 
If nozajibv nXuv'eouaa, zd fioi pepumojieva Kelzae ; 
Ka} de ooe auzcp eocne fiezd npcozocacv ebvza 
PouXdc pouXeuecv Kadapd xpdi eip.az'' e^ovza, 
nkvze de zoi <j)cXoe tfiec evi fxeydpoig yeydaaev, 
ol du' bnucovzeg, zpe'ec d' ijcdeoc OaXeOovzeg' 
ol d' ahi edeXooac vebnXuza ecp.az' e^ovzeg 
If Xopbv epx^odar zd d' e/ifj ^pevl ndvza fikfirjXev/ 

^'Qg e(j)az'' a'cdezo yap OaXepbv ydp.ov k^ovopLfjvai 
nazpl (j)iXq)' b de ndvza vbec Kal d/iei^ezo fiudqj' 

'^Ouze zoc rjpLibvcov (f)dovea), zeKOc, ooze zeu dXXou. 
epx^o' dzdp zoc dpweg k(j)onXcaoouGcv dni^vTjv 
u(p7)X^v euKUKXov, unepzep£7) dpapulav.*' 

*',0f ecnd)v dfxojeGocv eKeKXezo, zol d' enWovzo. 
oc ptev dp' eKzbc dfxa^av euzpoxov Tjjjuoveerjv 
wnXeov, Tjfxibvoug 6' unayov ^eu$dv 6' on' dnrjvjj' 
KoupTj d' eK daXdpLOio (j)kpev eodijza <j)aecvqv. 



288 APPENDIX 



Kai rijv fxlv KarkdrjKsv ku^karo) en' dnrjvri, 
pLTjTTjp d' kv KiOTT) STcdei }xevoECKV kdcodr}V 
TzavTocTjv, kv d' 6(pa icSec, kv d' dcvov ex^oev 
doKcb kv acyecii)' Kouprj d' kne^rjoez' dnrjVT}g, 
dojKev dk XP^<^^J} sy X-qKudq) uypbv eXacov, 
^oc jjfyT^wffo^TO auv dn(j)CT:bXococ yuvcu^h. 
i) d' 'iXa^ev fidanya Kai fjv'ca ocyaXbevTa, 
/idan^ev <5' sXdav Kavaxr) d' tjv T^ficbvouV 
ac d' djiorov zawovro, (j)kpov d' eadjjra koc auri^v, 
ouK o'cTjv, dp.a TTj ye Kac d}i(j)i7toXoc kcov dXXae. 

Ac d' ore d^ 7toTap.oco pbov nepcKaXXk' ^ckovto, 
ev6' Tj TOi TzXuvol 7)aav eTtrjeravoi , noXu d' udcop 
KaXbv UTTSKTZpopkec {xdXa nep pimbujvxa Kadrjpcu, 
evd' dc y' T]p.ibvouq pkv oneKnpokXuoav dn-qvrjg. 
KOC rdc fisv 0£uav noza/xov Ttdpa divrjevra 
Tpibyecv aypcooTiv fieXcTjdka' ral d' dn' dni^vqc 
icfxara x^P^^i^ sXovto koc ka(j)bpeov p-kXav udcop, 
ore'c^ov d' kv ^bOpocac Oococ 'ipcda Ttpocjikpouaae. 
aurdp knee nXuvdv t£ Kadr^pdv re puna ndvra, 
k^££7)C nkraaav napd dlv' dXbc, fjX^ p.dXcaxa 
Xdiyyac nou x^P^ov dnonXuveoKC OdXaaaa. 
ac de Xosaadfisvac Kac xp^^^^P^^^ ^^^' kXacu) 
de'cnvov enscO' ecXovzo nap' bxdj[)OiV norapLo'co, 
ecftara d' -qeXcoco pkvov Tspa^/ievac auyfj. 
auzap knee ahou xdpcjiOev dpupai ze Kac aurrj, 
o^acpTj rac y' dp' 'inacl^ov, dnb Kp-fjdefiva ^aXouaac' 
rfjac de NaoacKaa XeuKwXevoc Tjpx^'^o fioXnfjC, 
OCT) d' "AprepLCC ^?<^<^ /ffl"^' olipeoc coxeacpa, 
Tj Kara Trjuyerov nepcpf/jKerov tj 'EpujiavOov 
zepno/xevTj Kanpocac Kac coKecjjc kXacfeocaC 
zfl de 6' dfxa vufi^ac, Koupac Jcbc cuycbxocOj 



APPENDIX 289 



dypovbfioc nacf^ooar ykjrids. dk re (ppkva Atjto)' 
Ttaadojv d' unkp Hj ye Kapr) lyet rjdk fikzajTia, 
peed z' dpcjvojTT} neXezai, naXac dk ze ndaar 
S)C ? r' dn(j)C7:bXocac p.ezenpe7ze napOevog ddpL-qC' 

'AXX' bze di) dp' efieXXe ndXcv dcKovde v'eeadac 
^eu^aa' ^puovouc nzu^aad ze eijuaza KaXdf 
'ivd' auz' dXX' evorjae Bed yXauKcjnec 'AdrjVT), 
wc 'Oduaebg eypoczo, 'cdoc t' eudjircda Koupfjv, 
^ oi 0acr)Kcov dvdpojv nbXcv T^yqaaczo. 
G(j)acpav enecz' eppiipe fxez' dfi<j)cnoXov ^aaiXeca' 
dfKJicnbXou p.ev dfiapze, ^adecjj d' efi^aXe dhj), 
at d' enc ptaKpov duaav. o d' eypezo d'cog 'Oduaaeuc, 
k^bpievof d' copixaive Kazd (ppeva koc Kazd du/ibv' 

'"'Q fioc eyd), z'eojv aiize ^pozcbv eg ya'cav :Kdvco ; 
^ p' oi -jr' u^pcozac ze Kal dypcoe oude dUoioe, 
^e (j)iXb$eivo£, Kac a(f)cv vbog eozc deoudi^ci 
ojc zk p.e Koupdojv dfi(j)-qXude OfjXuc duzrj, 
vufxcfydojv , dc exoua' bpkcov alnecvd Kdprjva 
Kal TtTjj-dc nozapxbv koc ncoea noc-qevza. 
^ v6 Tzou dvdpchnojv elp} axedov and-qevzwv ; 
dXX' dy\ eyojv auzoc neipiqaofxae rjde 'ldojp.ac,^^ 

"^Qg ecTcojv Odfiviov uneduaezo d'cog 'OduaaedCy 
• •••••••• 

GixepdaXkoc d' auzfjdi (j)dvq KeKaKOJfjkvog aXfij), 
zpeaoav d' dXXudcc dXXr) en' i]"cbvag npouxouaac' 
o'iTj d' 'AXKcvbou duydzTjp pkve' zj) ydp 'Ad-qvq 
Odpaoc evi (j)peac dfjKe Kal eK deoc e^Xezo yuiujv. 
ozfj d' dvza a'/^ofjkvq' b de /xep/xrjpi^ev 'OduaaeOct 
§ youvcov Xcaaoczo Xa^ojv euJjncda KoupTjv, 
^ oljzajc enkeaacv dnoazadd fiecXcx'coiac 
Xcaaocz', el dec^ece TtbXcv Kal e'cfxaza doiJ}, 



290 



APPENDIX 



wc o,pa ol ^povkovzc dodaaaro Kepdcov eivac, 
Xcaaeadac inkeaaiv dnoGTouda fxecXcxcococ, 
p.i} ol youva Xa^bvrc loXuiaaixo ^pkva Koupj), 
aiizcKa fXEiXcxiov koc KepdaXkov ^dzo pJjdov 

^^rouvou{X(M ae, dvaooa' Oebc vu rcg ^ ^pozoc saae ; 
£i fxkv zic debg kaaCj zol oupavbv eupbv exouoiv, 
'Apzhp-idc oe kjch ye, Acbg Koupj) ixeydkoiOf 
eldbc "^^ fikyedbc ze (f)ur}V t' dyy^iaza kiOKOJ' 
££ dk zcg koac j^pozcbv, zol knl x^ovl vacezdooac j 
zpcofidKapsg [ilv ooc ye Trazrjp Kal nbzvia firjZTjp, 
zptop-dKapeg dk Kaacyvrjzoc jidXa nou a(j)cac du/ibc 
alev eu^poauvTjaiv lacvezat eiveKa oslo, 
Xeoaabvzojv zocbvde OdXog X^P^^ daoixv^Oaav. 
Keivog d^ oh mpl Kfjpt fxoKdpzazog e^oxov dXXcov, 
be K£ g' kkdvocGC ^pcGag dlKbvd^ d'fdft)zac. 
00 ydp nco zocouzov kjcj 'cdov b(f)daX[xolGcVj 
ouz' avdp* ouzs yuvoLiKa' ok^ac p.^ ex^i dGOpbwvza, 



(be Gs, yuvac, ajapac ze zkdrjnd ze decdm t* acv(bc 
youvojv dipaodac ;fa^£7roy dk pe nevdoc cKdvec, 
X^iC^C eecK-OGZcp (jyuyov rjpazc o'cvona nbvzov 
zb(^pa dk //' alel Kup' k(j>bpei Kpacnval ze dbeXXat 
VTjGou an' 'Qyuylrjc' vov d' kvddde Kd^^aXe doupojv, 
b(f)pa zt nou Kal zfjde ndOco KaKbv ou yap bccj 
7:a/)GeGd\ dXX' ezc TtoXXd deol zeXkooGc ndpocOev. 
dXXd, dvaGG\ kXkacpe' gI yap KaKa noXXd poyrjGac 
If TtpcozTjv (Kbp7)v, zcbv d' dXXojv oIj ziva dlda 
dvd pchnojv , dc zrjvde nbXcv Kal yalav 'ixouGiv, 
oLGzo dk poi dec^oVj dbf de paKoc dp(j)i^aXkGdac, 
el zc Tzou ecXupa onecpcov exec kvOdd' couGa, 
aol de deol zoGa dolev hoa <j>peGt ofJGi pevocvqCi 



APPENDIX 291 



dvdpa re Kal ockov koc bfxo^poauvqv oTrdasiav 
kadXrjV 00 [ilv yap too ye Kpelaaov Kal dpsiov, 
§ bd' dpLO(f)povkovT£ vo-qfxaacv oIkov £J(7)tov 
dvrjp Tjde yuvq' noXX' dXyea duofievkeoac, 
Xdp/iara d' eufi£V£T7jai' fidXcaza dk t' £kXuov ODXoi,'* 

W pa, KOC djKJycTtbXotocv kunXoKafiocai K£X£ua£' 
*'aTTJT£ pLOi, dpL(j)i7ioXoi' 7zba£ (j)£uy£T£ (j)a)Ta Idouaa: ; 
§ j«7J noo xcva duapL£V£a)v <f)dad' 'i/xfisvai dvdpcov; 
ouK 'iad' ouToc dvTjp di£pdc ^poroc oudk. ykvTjzac, 
be K£v OaiT]K(i)v dvdpcjv kc yacav ^Krjzac 
dTj'ioTTJra (jykpojv fxdXa yap ^cXoc ddavdrocoiv. 
OiK£Ofi£V d^ d7zdv£ud£ TzoXuKXuaTU) kvc novTO), 
eaxoLTOCj oudk nc dpL/ni j^porcov £Ki}icay£Tac dXXoc- 
dXX' bd£ Tcc duaTTjvoc dX(i}ii£voc ivddd' lKdv£c, 
Tov vuv xp^ KOfxhcV Ttpoc yap Jcoc £C(ycv d7zavT£c 
$£'£VOi T£ nxcoxoc T£, doocc d' bXcy-q Z£ (J)cXt} T£, 
dXXd 8bT\ dn^cnoXoi, $£hq) ^pcba'cv t£ nbacv t£, 
Xouaazk z' kv nozapup, bd^ knl oKknag 'iaz' dvkpLOw.'^ 

wc dpa zip Kaz£X^O£ x^P^'^ K£(j)aX7) ze koc wptoiC' 
£^£z' £7r£iz' d7tdv£ud£ Kccjv £7Zi diva daXdaaTjc, 
KdXXu Kal x^P^^^ gzcX^ojV drjfczo dk Kouprj. 
di^ pa zbz^ dp.(j)C7tbXocacv kunXoKdfxoiac H£Zf)uda' 

*' KXuzk ix£u, dp.(f)cnoXoi X£UK(I)X£voi, b(j)pa zt icnco. 
00 Ttdvzojv dkKf]xc d£(bv, 0? "OXofizov 'ixouoi, 
0a£-^K£(7a' bd^ dvrjp £7t£/xiay£zai avzcdkocac' 
7tpbad£v fikv yap di^ fxoi d£CKkXcoc dkaz' £ivac, 
vOv dk 6£0~CGCV £0CK£, zol oupavov £upbv 'ixooocv. 
cu yap kfiol zoibad£ Tzboig K£KXr)/j.£voc ilf) 
kvddd£ vac£zdojv, Koti ol ddoc obzbQc fxi/j.v£(v. 



292 APPENDIX 



d^Ad d6i:\ dji(j)C7toXoc, ^eevq) ^pcoah re nbaiv T£." 
"^Qc 'i4>(iO\ ac d' apa rfjc fidXa filv kXuov rjd' knc- 

doVTOf 

Trap d' dp^ 'OduaoTJ'e 'ideaav ^pcoocv re nboiv re. 
9j Toc b TLCve Koc fiade noXuxXag d'cog 'Oduaoebc 
dpKaXkoJc' dfjpbv fdp kdfjxuog i^ev anaazoc* 

Adzdp NauacKda XeufccoXevoc dXX' hbrjaev 
e'e/xar' apa nxu^aoa TcOec KaXijc stt' drc-qvifjCy 
^eO^ev d' rjpLibvouc KpaTepiowxac, dv d' ej^T) auTrj, 
ojrpuvev d' 'Oduafja, 'ino^ t' e(j)az' sk r' bvo^a^ev 

'^"Opaeo d-Q vuv, $£~cv£, nbXivd' 'cfxev, o(j)pa oe. nkiKpio 
nazpbc ipLOU npbc dcopLa dou^povog, 'ivda ok (j)'rjlic 
Ttdvzojv ^acT)K(j)v eldfjakpLev oaaoi dpcozoc, 
dXXd fidX^ 0)8' epdscv doKesic'^k p-oc ouk dncvuaaeev 
o(j)p' dv pkv «' dypobc 'iopsv koc 'ipy' dvd pojnujv , 
zb(f>pa obv dp^cnbXoiac ped^ ijpibvouc nac dpa^av 
KapTtaXcpxoc epx^odac' syo) d' bdbv ■^yspoveuaoj. 
auzdp sTzrjv nbXcog kml^rjopev ^v nkpc nupyog 

• ••••»••• 

TcDv dXeecvo) ^fjpcv ddsuKka, p-q zcg bncaao) 
pxopeuT)' pdXa d' dalv bnepcfyiaXoi Kazd dfjpoV 
KOC v6 zee <^8' siTTTjOi KaK(oz£poc dvzi^oXrjoac' 
^^zcg d^ bde NauacKdq ercezai KaXbc t£ p^yoLC '^s 
^ecvoc ', Ttou dk piv eupe ; nboec '^^ oc eaaezac auzj). 
^ zevd 7Z0U TtXajx^kvza Kopcaaazo ^f dnb VTjbc 
dvdpoJv ZTjXedaTtibv, ens: 0*6 ziveg kyyuOev daiV 
Tj zcg oe su^apevT) noXudp-qzoc Oebc fjXOev 
oupavbdev Koza^dc, £$£e dk pcv r^paza rcdvza. 
^kXzepov, ee kodzi} rcep sTzoexopkvT) nboev eupsv 
dXXodev § yap zouode y' dzepd^ee Kazd drjpov 



APPENDIX 293 



0acr}Kag, zoi, pLcv fivcbvrai noXke^ re Koi iadXoc." 
a)c kpkooacv, knot dk k' bveidea roDza jkijocro. 

evda Kade^o/xevoc fxe'cvac xpoi>ov, dc o k£v ijfJiecc 
dazude 'iXdoJiiev Kac cKibfieda dcvptaza nazpoc* 
adzdp kni)V rj/ikac 'iXvcrj nozl dcoptaz^ d<j)'cxdO'C, 
Kac zbze 0ac7jKcov 'cfjzv kc izbXtv rjd' kphadac 
diofiaza nazpbc k/iou psyaX-^zopoc ^AXkcvooco. 
peia d' dpcyvcoz^ kazc Kac dv nd'cg rjyqaaczo 
vrjTtco^. 01) pkv yap zc kocKoza zo'coc zkzuKzac 
dd)p.aza 0ac-qKOjv, ocog doptoc ^AXkcvooco 
Tjpojof. dXX' bnbz^ dv oe dbpLOc KSKudcoac Kac auXfj, 
(I)Ka jidXa fxeydpoco dceXdefisv, ocjyp^ dv "cKfjac 
prjzkp' kfXTjV Tj d' TjGzac kn^ eoxdpj) ev nopbc auyrj, 
TjXaKaza azpaj(f>d)(7' dXcnbp(f>opa, dadfia cdkadac, 
Kcovc K£KXc/jikv7)' d/upac dk oc ^az' bncodev. 
evda dk Tcazpbc kpo'co Opbvoc nozcKkKXczac auzij, 
Z(p b ye ocvoTTOzd^ec e(f)rjpevoc dddvazoc a>C' 
zbv 7:apap.ec(lfdpevoc pf)zpbc tcozc youvaoc x^^P^C 
PdXXecv Tjpezkprjc, Iva vbazcpov ijpap 'cdrjac 
Xacpojv KapnaXcpoJC, ec koc pdXa zjjXbdev eaoL 
[e'c Kev zoc KecvT) ye (f)cXa <j)povk7)a' eve dupup, 
eXnajpij zoc enecza (j)'cXouc t' cdkecv Kac hkodac 
oIkov euKzcpevov Kal gtjv ec nazpcda ya'cav.y* 

"^Qc oLpa <j)(iJVTioaa^ "cpaaev pdazcyc ^aecvfj 
ijpcbvouc' ac d' djKa Xcnov nozapolo pkedpa. 
ac d' eO pkv zpcoxojv, eO dk nXcaaovzo nbdeoacv. 
Tj dk pdX' Tjvcbx^uev, bnojc dp' enocazo Tte^oc 
dp<j)C7toXoc z^ 'Oduaeuc ze' vbip d' enk^aXXev cpdadXrjV 

— Homer, Odyssey, vi. 12-320. 



294 APPENDIX 



Page 220 

Ik /o' daapLivdou ^ag dvdpac fdza ohoTzorfjpac 
rjk' NauoiKOLa de decbv ano kolXXoc exooaa 
oTTj pa napa arad/idv rkyeog noKa tioctjto'co, 
Ocvjixa^ev d' ^Oduafja sv ocpdaX/io'cacv bpcbaa, 
Kac [icv <f)0jv^aaa' 'inea nrepbevra Tzpoarjuda' 

*'Xaepe, $£~ev\ "cva Kac ttot' kdjv kv narpcdi j^oij) 
pLi^i^oj) £pL£~c\ brc fioi npcoTT) ^codypi' b(j)kXX£CC'" 

T-^vd' dTzapsc^bp^voc 7tpoak<f>T) TzoXufx-qxcg 'Odoaosuc' 
" NauacKda, duyarep pLsyaXrjTopof ^AXKcvboco, 
ouTCO vuv Zsuc GecT), kpcydounog nbacg ^Hp-qg, 
dcKodk t' kXdkp£vac koI vbazcfiov i}{J.ap Idkodac' 
zcp Kev roi Kac Kfcdc 6eq) &c eux£Toq)pLifjv 
acsc Tjiiaza ndvza' ob yap jj,' e^ccoaao, Kouprj.'* 

— Homer, Odyssey, viii. 456-468. 



INDEX 



Academus, precinct of, 31; 
helps the Dioscuri, 32. 

Academy, origin of, 32. 

Achaea, 184. 

Achamae, 35. 

Acharnians, 90. 

Acrisius, 135. 

Acroceraunian mountains, 
190, 221. 

Acrocorinthus, 74, 99, 107, 
184; capture by Aratus, 
102-105; changes in, 105. 

Acropolis, 73, 78, 88, 141: 
description of, 1-19; no 
crow to light on, 2; Grotto 
of Aglauros, 2, 3; capture 
by Persians, 4; besieged by 
Turks, 6; buildings on, 14- 
18; flowers on, 14, 15; 
Museum of, 16, 18; view 
from, 17; seen from Colo- 
nus, 25. 

Aeacus, 64, 65, 67, 68. 

Aegaleos, 35, 36. 

Aegeus, death of, 10.. 

Aegina, 25, 36, 89, 105; 
seen from Parthenon, 17; 
visit to, 60-74; origin of 
name, 64-65; pestilence at, 
65; conquest by Athens, 
69; coins, 70; temple at, 
68, 72. 

Aeschylus , extracts from 
Eum., 8-10, 161-162; from 
Persians, 61-64, 82; from 



Choeph., 92, 127-129; from 
Agsim., 107, 112, 113-115, 
115-125, 125-127; 130, 
131; from Prom., 132; 
from Suppl., 170; from 
Seven against Th., 177-179; 
birthplace of, 37; inscrip- 
tion, 79. 

Aesop, death of, 146. 

Aglaurus, (a) wife of Cecrops, 
5; (b) daughter of Cecrops, 
grotto of, 2, 3; opens chest 
of Erichthonius, 2; turned 
to stone, 3; eelf-devotion 
of, 3. 

Agamemnon, 107, 133, 148. 

Aithyia, Rock, 91. 

Alaric, 37. 

Alcestis, 19. 

Alcmaeonidae, build Delphic 
Temple, 155. 

Alcman, extract from, 98. 

Alexander the Great, 175. 

Alpheios, river, 189, 190. 

Altis, at Olympia, 191. 

Amphictyonic Council, Sa- 
cred War by, 145; builds 
temple, 155. 

Amphissa, outrage of sacred 
plain, 145. 

Anakeion, 3. 

Andritsos, Odysseus, walls in 
the Clepsydra, 6. 

Andromache, 191. 

Andromedes, 68. 



295 



296 



INDEX 



Anthemocritus, death of, 90. 
Anthology, extracts, 101, 135, 

147; Delphic oracle, 99. 
Antigonus, 102. 
Antirrhium, Golden Gate, 

183, 
Aphaea, temple of, at Aegina, 

67, 68. 
Aphrodite, sanctuary of, 6, 

58. 
Apollo, Grotto of, 6, 141; 

Temple at Corinth, 100; 

journey to Delphi, 141; 

hymns to, at Delphi, 148; 

temples, 152, 154, 163; 

Homeric hymn to, 156- 

160; statue, at Olympia, 

202, 
Apollodorus, 67, 94; extracts, 
- 109, 185, 186. 
Arachova, 166. 
Aracynthus, 185. 
Aratus, captures the Acroco- 

rinthus, 102-104, 
Arcadia, 191, 
Archidamus, 36. 
Areopagus, 7; fn. 32. 
Arethusa, 189, 190. 
Argolid, 132-140. 
Argolis, 73, 98, 110. 
Argos, 111, 132, 135, 137, 138. 
Ariadne, 11= 
Aristophanes, 35, 90, 174; 

extracts from Clouds, 25, 

26; from Frogs, 38, 39; 

extract from Birds, 171; 

fn. 19, 32. 
Aristides, 37. 
Artemis, Brauronia, 14; Dic- 

tynna, 68. 
Asclepios, precinct of, 18, 19, 
Atalanta, 185. 
Athamas, 94, 95. 
Athene, Temple of, 1; forti- 
fies Acropolis, 2; sacred 

olive of, 4; sanctifies Areo- 



pagus, 7; appeases Furies, 
8; Pro machos, statue of, 
15. 

Athens, 73, 85, 90, 111, 129, 
176, 195; varied impres- 
sions of, 20; return to, 54; 
conquest of Aegina, 69; 
treasure house at Delphi, 
148. 

Atreus, Treasury of, 111. 

Attains, 18. 

Attica, 35, 36, 60, 91, 182. 

Bacchylides, extracts, 186- 

188 197 
Boeot'ia, 141, 169, 173, 176. 
Botticelli, 17, 
Byron, 184, 

Cadmus, 94, 95. 

Callichorus, well of, 53. 

Calydon, hunt at, 185. 

Caryatides, porch of. 16. 

Cassandra, 115. 

Cassotis, spring, 155, 164. 

Castalia, spring of, 146. 

Cecrops, 2. 

Ceos, 79. 

Cephisus, 31, 32, 58. 

CephaUenia, 189. 

Ceramicus, The, walk 
through, 21; Demosthenes 
at, 175. 

Cervantes, at Lepanto, 184. 

Chaeronea, 176; battle of, 
75, 145, 175; journey to, 
172; birthplace of Plu- 
tarch, 174; Lion of, 174. 

Chapel of the Apostles, 6. 

Charinus, 90. 

Cicero, 37, 162. 

Cirrha, visit to, 144. 

Cithaeron, 73, 100, 141, 180. 

Cladeos, 189. 

Cleonae, 109, 

Clepsydra, 6o 



INDEX 



297 



Colocythu, 31. 

Colonus, walk to, 20; sung 

by poets, 27-31. 
Constantine, 149. 
Constantinople, 149. 
Copaic Lake, 173. 
Corcyra, 202; visit, 203. 
Corinth, 21, 96, 107, 109, 141, 

142, 183, 184; visit to, 89- 

106; modern, 100; Gulf of, 

98, 101, 142, 144, 166, 183, 

185. 
Coroebus, Olympic victor, 

196. 
Corycian Nymphs, 165. 
Crete, 10, 68. 
Creusa, 152. 
Crisa, destruction of, 144-145; 

Bay of, 158. 
Croesus, 133, 162. 
Cronos, Hill of, 191. 
Cryso, 145 
Cyllene, 100, 144= 
Cynaegiros, 86. 
Cynosura, at Salamis, 74; 

at Marathon, 80. 

Danae, 135. 

Danaides, 170. 

Daphne, pass of, 6, 25, 54; 
description of, 57, 58. 

Daulia, 91; visit to, 170-172. 

Delphi, 144, 145, 165, 166, 
191, 195; Oracle of, 99; 
visit to, 141-164; centre of 
the world, 154; first priest- 
ess, 162, 

Demeter, Homeric Hymn, 
40-53. 

Demosthenes, funeral ora- 
tion, 175; extract from, 
175-176. 

Deucalion, 93. 

Diacria, 78. 

Dionysus, 177; theatre of, 
18, 19, 25; infant, 94, 198; 



on Parnassus, 165; birth- 
place of, 179. 

Dioscuri, Temple of, 1, fn. 3; 
coming to Athens, 32 » 

Dipylon, 20, 59. 

Dirce, Spring of, 177. 

Dorpfeld, Dr., 6, 141, 189. 

Echecheiria, Truce of God, 

196. 
Echetlos, 83, 84. 

Egypt, 186. 

Eileithyia, precinct of, 4, 

Electra, 112. 

Elgin, Lord, 10. 

Eleusis, 54, 89, 141; journey 
to, 35; town, 36; origin 
of name, 37. 

Elis, 191. 

Epeios, 172. 

Erechtheum, 3, 14, 15-17, 

Erechtheus, fight with 
Eumolpus , 54; S w i n - 
burne's " Erechtheus," 56. 

Erichthonius, hidden in chest, 
2. 

Erymanthus, 189. 

Euboea, 80, 84, 139, 169, 
182. 

Eumenides, 8. 

Eumolpus, 54. 

Euphorbus, shield of, 135. 

Euripides, extract, Heracl., 
87; Ion, 5, 53, 149-154; Iph. 
Aul., 10; Tro., 16; Medea, 
33, 96, 142-144; Palam., 
139, 140; Phoen., 146-147; 
Bacchae., 180-181; frag's, 
137; Erechtheus, 55, 56; 
Phaeton, 170. 

Euripus, 78, 84, 182. 

Eurystheus, 87, 109, 138. 

Furies, 7. 

Geraneia, 73, 92, 93, 97, 
Glyptothek, Munich, 72. 



298 



INDEX 



Grotto, of Apollo, 6, 141; 
of Pan, 4, 6; Pluto, 40; 
Corycian, 165, 166. 

Hagia Marina, 64. 

Halcyon Lake, 98 

Harma, 141, 

Hawthorne, 135. 

Helen, 32, 148. 

Helicon, Mount, 100, 105, 
169, 174, 176. 

Helle, 95. 

Hera, 138; punishes Aegina, 
65; anger against Ino, 94; 
Temple, 133; Acraia, Rock 
of, 142. 

Heracles, 93, 109, 187, 189, 
200; children of, 87; labors 
of, 138. 

Heraeum, in Argolis, 133, 
135; at Olympia, 192. 

Hermes, 3; statue by Prax- 
iteles, 192, 198, 199. 

Herodotus, 4; extracts, 57, 
58, 84-86, 133-134. 

HerophUe, Sibyl, 148. 

Herse, 2. 

Hexamilia, 107. 

Hipparchus, 32. 

Hippias, 84. 

Hippocrene, 105. 

Hippodameia, 200. 

Hippodrome, 195. 

Homer, 111, 155, 189; ex- 
tract, Iliad, 192-194; Od., 
16, 95-96, 189, 203-221. 

Homeric Hymns, Demeter, 
40-53; ApoUo, 154, 156- 
160; Hermes, 198. 

Howe, Dr. S. G., 107. 

Hyampeia, at Delphi, 146, 
161. 

Hygeia, fountain of, 19. 

Hymettus, 33, 73, 77, 78. 

Ictinus, 39. 
Ida, 12. 



Iliad, see Homer. 
Inachus, 132. 
Independence, War of, 6, 

165, 184, 185. 
Ino, 94. 
lo, 132. 
Ion, 149. 

Ionian Islands, 189. 
Iphigenia, 112. 
Isocrates, 175. 
Isthmus, 98, 99, 195. 
Itea, 141, 144. 
Ithaca, 189. 
Itys, 170. 

John, Don, of Austria, 184. 
Julian, the Apostate, 163. 

KaKT] S/caXd, 93, 165. 
Kastri, 145. 
Kerata, 36, 37, 89. 
Kiona, Mount, 146, 164. 
Kirphis, 166. 

Laconia, 110. 
Learchus, 94. 
Lepanto, Battle of, 184. 
Lema, marsh of, 138; Hydra 

of, 138. 
Lesche, Cnidian, 163. 
Leucadia, 189. 
Leucothea, 94, 203. 
Lycabettus, 2, 17. 
Lycurgus, 83. 
Lysicrates, 19. 

Macaria, 87. 

Macedon, 175. 

Maenads, 165. 

Makrae, "long rocks," 4. 

Marathon, 4, 148; visit to, 

77-78; Soros, 81; Lion of, 

174. 
Marmaria, 161, 164. 
Medea, 142. 
Megara. hostility to Athens, 

89, 90. 



INDEX 



299 



Megarian Decree, 90. 

Megaris, 93. 

Megaros, 93. 

Meleager, 186. 

Melicertes, 94, 95. 

Menelaus, 135. 

Milton, ode, 98; sonnet, 175. 

Minoa, Rock, 91. 

Minos, of Crete, 10, 68, 91, 

92. 
Missolonghi, heroism of, 184; 

Byron at, 185. 
Mohammed II, 149. 
Molurian Rocks, 94. 
Moriae, 32. 
Mummius, 101. 
Munychia, 60. 
Muses, 174. 

Mycenae, visit to, 107-131. 
Mysteries, Eleusinian, 37. 

Naupactus, 184. 

Nauplia, 107, 110, 132, 139; 

Bay of, 138; origin of 

name, 138; history, 140. 
Nauplios, 139. 

Nausicaa, Story of, 203-221. 
Nemea, 109, 110. 
Nemesis, statue of, 81. 
Nephele, 95. 
Nero, begins canal at Corinth, 

99; at Delphi, 148. 
Nike Apteros Temple, 10; 

three Graces on, 12. 
Nike of Paeonius, 198, 202. 
Nisaea, 91. 
Nisus, 91. 

Odeum, 18. 

Odysseus, 139, 140, 189, 203- 

221. 
Odyssey, see Homer. 
Oeax 139. 
Oedipus, 19, 28, 162, 167, 177, 

179. 
Oenomaus, 200. 



Oenone, 64. 

Olympia, visit to, 183-202; 
rivers of, 189-190; ruins 
at, 193; treasure-houses 
at, 195; stadium at, 195; 
games at, 195-198. 

Omphalos, at Delphi, 155- 

Orchomenos, 169. 

Orestes, 7, 162. 

Ovid, extracts from Metam., 
65-67, 92, 94, 170. 

Palamedes, 139. 

Pallas, Pronaia, 161. 

Pan, grotto of, 4, 6; worship 
at Athens, 78; on Parnas- 
sus, 165. 

Panachaicon, 188. 

Panaetolium, Mount, 185. 

Panathenaic procession, 15. 

Pandion, 91. 

Pandroseum, 4, 16. 

Pandrosus, 3, 4. 

Panopeus, 172. 

Paralos, fn. 14. 

Parnassus, 100, 141, 165, 166, 
167, 174, 176; visit to, 
145-164. 

Parnes, Mount, 25, 60, 73; 
tunnel of, 182. 

Parthenon, 13, 15, 17, 18. 

Patras, 183, 188. 

Pausanias, 6, 15, 16, 64, 65, 
69, 81, 87, 93, 95, 105, 148, 
161, 174, 192; extracts, 10- 
11, 83, 190-191, 200. 

Pegasus, 105. 

Pelasgians, 6, 7. 

Peleus, 69. 

Pelopidas, 102. 

Peloponnesian War, 35, 36. 

Peloponnesus, 17, 77, 99, 183, 
188 

Pelops, 19, 99, 111, 200. 

Pentelicus, 73, 78, 86. 

Pentheus, 179. 



300 



INDEX 



Pericles, 14, 90; funeral ora- 
tion, 22. 

Perseus, birth of, 135-136. 

Persian War, 2, 149. 

Phaeacians, 203 ff. 

Phaedriades, 146. 

Phemonoe, 162. 

Phidias, 15, 73, 81; statue of 
Zeus, 192. 

Phidippides, 86. 

Philip of Macedon, 145, 174. 

Philomela, 170. 

Philostratus, 141. 

Phocis, origin of name, 69. 

Phoebus, 163. 

Phormio, 184. 

Phrixos, 95. 

Phyle, 35. 

Pindar, 12, 13; extracts, 70, 
71, 95, 110; from Threnoi, 
37; from 01., 195-196, 197, 
201-202; at Delphi, 155. 

Piraeus, 17, 36, 75, 141. 

Pirene, fountain of, 100, 105. 

Pisistratus, 3. 

Plataea, 82, 85; tripod at 
Delphi, 149, 154. 

Plato, 31; at court of Diony- 
sius, 32; extract from 
Phaedo, 11, 12; from 
Republic, 33. 

Pleistos. river, 145, 166. 

Plutarch, fn. 3, 90; birth- 
place of, 174; capture of 
Acrocorinthus, 102-105= 

Pluto, grotto of, 40. 

Polygnotus, 14, 163. . 

Polyxena, fn. 14. 

Poseidon. 138. 

Procne, 170. 

Prometheus, 19, 24. 

Propylea, at Athens, 13, 14; 
at Eleusis, 39. 

Proserpine, 40. 

Protogenes, fn. 14. 

Prytaneum, 1. 



Psittaleia, 74. 

Pylas, 91. 

Pythagoras, 135. 

Pythia, 144, 155; shrine of 

149; origin of name, 157; 

influence of oracles, 162. 
Pythian games, 145; stadium 

of, 163. 
Pythion, 141. 
Pytho, 157. 

Quintus Smymaeus, extract, 
172-173. 

Rhadamanthus, 68. 
Rhamnus, 81. 
Rheitoi, 54. 

Rhium, " Golden Gate," 183, 
185. 

Sacred Way, 31, 54, 58, 148, 
161, 166; built by Theseus, 
141. 

St. Paul, 7. 

Salamis, 17, 25, 60, 74, 80, 
82, 89, 91, 141; Atheni- 
ans flee to, 4; return from, 
7; Bay of, 36; Telamon 
at, 69. 

Saronic Gulf, 142. 

Scheria, 203. 

Schliemann, 111. 

Scholia on Dramatists, 138. 

Sciron, 93. 

Scironian Cliff, 93, 97. 

Scylla, treachery of, 91. 

SheUey, 190. 

Sicfly, 189. 

Sicyon, 102, 104, 184. _ 

Simonides, 79; inscription, 
79; epitaph from, 80; 
elegy from, 97; extracts, 
99, 136, 163. 

Sisyphus, 105. 

Socrates, 19, 162, 163; sculp- 
tor, 12. 



INDEX 



301 



Solon, at Croesus's court, 
133; destroys Crisa, 145. 

Sophocles, extracts, Oed. 
Col., 27, 28, 38; Oed. 
Tyr., 167-169, 179; Electra, 
171, 199-200; Ajax, 74; 
Antig., 165; frag., 137. 

Soros, at Marathon, 81. 

Spartans, 32, 35, 86. 

Sphintharos, 155. 

Sphinx, Theban, 177. 

Stoa, at Delphi, 148. 

Strabo, 98. 

Sunium, 73, 86. 

Swinburne, 56, 188. 

Xxi<rTv 686^, " Triple Road," 
169. 

Symonds, 101. 

Tanagra, 182. 
Tantalus, 129. 
Telamon, son of Aeacus, 64, 

68, 69. 
Tempe, Vale of, 154. 
Tereus 170. 

Thebes, visit to, 177-182. 
Theocritus, 12. 
Thermopylae, 79, 82. 



Theseum, 21. 

Theseus, 83, 93; sails for 

Crete, 10, 11; carried off 

Helen, 32; killed Tortoise, 

94; punished Sinis, 97; 

built Sacred Way, 141. 
Thothmes III, 133. 
Thrasybulus, 35, 102. 
Thriasian Plain, 35, 36. 
Thucydides, extract from, 22- 

24. 
Thyestes, 112. 
Timon, fn. 24. 
Tiryns, 87, 109, 111, 138. 
Tower of the Winds, 6. 
Treasure-houses, at Olympia, 

195; at Delphi, 148. 
Triple Roads, The, 167, 169. 
Troy, 107, 112, 133, 138, 

139. 
Tyre,'l47. 

Wordsworth, 82. 

Zemeno, 167. 

Zeus, Temple at Olympia, 

191, 192, 198; statues at 

Olympia, 192, 195. 



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